James Joyces Araby Essay -- Araby Essays

James Joyces ArabyThe story Araby, by James Joyce, shows how people often expect more than that which ordinary reality can provide and consequently looking disappointed when they do not receive what they expect. Another fascinating piece of literature is the poetry collection The Black Riders and Other Lines by Stephen Crane. What, if anything, does one piss to do with the other? This paper will compare one of Cranes poems to Joyces story.Araby tells the story of a young boys disenchantment with life as he experiences his first adult feelings of love for a girl, but is then denied expression of his feelings for her by the adult world. The key theme is frustration, as the boy deals with the limits forced on him by his situation. He has a succession of romantic ideas about a girl and an event to which he attributes magnificent qualities, a common bazaar called Araby, that he will attend on her behalf. On the night when he waits for his uncle to return home so that he can go to the b azaar, the reader witnesses the boys frustration increasing and building. By the time he finally gets to go to the bazaar, it is more or less over. His fantasies about the bazaar and about acquire a special gift for the girl of his dreams are revealed as being ridiculous. The boys anticipation of the event, and of pleasing the object of his affections with a gift from the event, provided him with clarified fantasies. However, reality turns out to be much harsher than fantasy.Crane...

The Character of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Essay -- Othello essays

The Character of Iago in Othello No one has ever failed to appreciate the skilled art with which Shakespeare has defined the characters of his plays prominent and clarified alike, their distinctiveness, their dignity, their misery, and their integrity are captured and displayed. In particular the depiction of certain characters in Othello have been universally acclaimed. Identified by many scholars as one of Shakespeare great tragedies, along with Hamlet, Macbeth, and King Lear, Othello follows a traditional tragic pattern, tracing the central characters fall from greatness and bringing together qualities of nobility with choices that lead to inevitable suffering. Othello is to a fault one of Shakespeares most emotionally compelling plays. The drive, with which the devastating series of events disentangle, creates a breathless sense of muddled chaos that mesmerizes viewers almost as a good deal as it propels the characters. In the course of Othello, we are exposed t o a dramatic conception of Iago. The evil contained within Othello is by no means paranormal or mythical, yet is represented by the character Iago and his voracious desire for revenge and constant deception. Iago is disloyal, shrewd, and egotistical. He uses these traits to his advantage by slowly planning his own supremacy while watching the demise of others. Although Iago is a perfect example of evil, a hellish villain creating an internalized beastlike rage, he is in fact a human clothed with passion suffering from a distorted image of himself and others. Evil has nowhere else been portrayed with such mastery as in the character of Iago. Iago is young, deceitful and a scoundrel from the start. He is keen and able to manipulat... ...ealed Through Dialogue. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Literature. N. p. Random House, 1986. Gardner, Helen. Othello A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune. Readings on The Trage dies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from The Noble Moor. British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos. Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. The Engaging Qualities of Othello. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Introduction to The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare. N. p. Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957.

Televised Violence is Here to Stay :: Media Argumentative Persuasive Argument

Televised Violence is Here to Stay One of the most heated up issues debated, ever since the invention of thetelevision, is the effects of media violence on society. Many savor to wipe it out,but will undoubtedly fail. It has great educational and entertainment value. there sport even been studies showing that viewing television violence willactually relieve stress. For these reasons, televised violence, including fights,with or without weapons, resulting in bloodshed, will never diminish. Many parents try to shelter their kids from the violence portrayed ontelevision. They only look at the negative aspect because the parents complainby saying the violence only teaches their children how to obliterate and to get awaywith it (Leonard 92). Television is the most credible and believable source of information onthe human race of the world. It teaches that the world is a violent anduntrustworthy billet (Bennett 168). It reports on how the world really works.Televised violence cultivat es dominant assumptions about how conflict and powerwork in the world. Violence is an important fact of life (Howitt 17). It is genuinely much partof the human condition. The media cannot pretend that violence does not exist. Televised violence orients people to their environment. It helps themunderstand their world. It serves as a mirror in which people try out themselves,their institutions, and their values (Comstock 357). The exposure of children to televised violence is functional to theextent that it prepares them to cope with reality. Conflict is important forchildren to grow up with. It is part of their life. Kids should not be lead to look that nothing is going to happen to them (Comstock 354). Exposure toviolence in childhood is not a bad idea. Ghetto children see violence unknown toother children. They have to live with it, and because it is so hateful, they donot get influenced by it. People who grew up in a tough ghetto situation regardothers who did not as patsies, na ive, and easy to use. Children learn a good deal of their societys culture by viewing theviolent television shows. People acquire definitions of appropriate behavior andinterpretations of reality from the mass media. Lower income persons often thinkthey are learning the style and etiquette of middle-class society fromtelevision programs (Ball 305). The viewing of televised violence helps children academically, as wellas socially. One study shows that children entering school, raised on theviolent television shows, picked up a one-year advantage in vocabulary overchildren whose parents foreclose the viewing of violence (Clark 136).

The Hopi Indians :: American America History

The Hopi IndiansIn the southwestern United States, above northern Arizona, are three mesas. The mesas create the home for the Hopi Indians. The Hopi have a deeply religious, isolated, tribal culture with a unique history.The Hopi stress group cooperation. The tribe is organized around a club system. In a clan system, all the members consider themselves relatives. The clans form a social glue that has held the Hopi villages together. Clan membership provides a singular Hopi identity. The Hopi have a highly developed thought system which contains valet de chambrey gods and spirits. Ceremonies, rituals, dances, songs, and prayers are celebrated in y spindle-round. The Hopi believed they were led to the arid southwestern region of America by their creator, because he knew they had the power to evoke rainfall with power and prayer. Consequently, the Hopi are connected to their land, its agricultural cycles and the constant quest for rainfall, in a religious way. The religious center o f the community is the kiva, which is an underground room with a ladder protruding above the roof. The kiva is very important for several reasons. From the kiva, a connection is made with the center of the earth. Also, the kiva is symbolic for the emergence to this world. The room would represent the inferno and the ladder would represent the way to the upper world. In fact, a room is kept in the house to store ceremonial objects. A sacred ear of corn protects the room and symbolizes the ancestry of the family members. Kachinas are as well as a focal point of the religion. For a Hopi, they signify spirits of ancestors, dieties of the natural world, or intermediaries between man and gods. The Hopi believe that they are the earths caretakers, and with the successful performance of their ceremonial cycle, the world will remain in balance, the gods will be happy and rain will come. Because they hypothesize of their crops as gifts, the Hopi Indians live in harmony with the environment . Art is also used for ritualistic purposes. Mens loincloths were painted and decorated with tassels to symbolize falling rain. Men also wore elaborate costumes that include special headdresses, masks, and body paints during ritual ceremonies and dances.The Hopi follow a seasonal sense of time. Depending on the season, different preparations were used for collecting the rain. Droughts required the Hopis to don new farming methods that are still in use today.

Dark Energy Essay -- essays research papers

Dark free push what is it? Dark energy is a unknown energy said to take up 70 percent of the universe. The energy is a repulsive gravitational effect that is causing the universe to accelerate out-ward. No one knows exactly what dark energy is or where it comes from.Dark Energy is a new idea. Little is known about dark energy, yet it takes up a huge amount if the universe.Scientist were fit to show the universe was expanding at an accelerated rate by measuring the red-shift of an object by comparing the spectral lines of the elements and the spectral lines of the same elements measured in a lab. The more distant the objects that emit light the brighter the spectral lines. In 1998 scientist observed that the supernovas are becoming dimmer, which means they are getting closer rather of farther away. They were able to show that dark energy has an influence on light particles and photons. When a photon passes a galaxy it falls into the gravitational pull, and the dark energy because it repulses gravity makes the photon pass right through the galaxy with even more energy than when it entered. These findings make dark energy completely independent of the supernova observations.Astronomers have institute the first direct evidence of dark energy in the afterglow of the Big Bang, the radiation caused by the Big Bang called cosmic microwave background (CMB). The cosmi...

If Martin Luther King Were Ali :: essays research papers

Martin Luther pouf was such an inspirational leader because he appealed to not only the black population, but he appealed to all people who believed in comparison and freedom. He was viewed as a clean cut, all round good man, and unlike other leaders in the movement for racial equality, did not necessitate un-orthodox, radical views. Since people did not see him as a threat, but as a peaceful man, leading a movement, he was easy to support. For object lesson People are more likely to agree with a man who explains something in a non-violent, nice way, than somevirtuoso who uses mud slinging, name calling, and violence to state a view.I believe that if Martin Luther King were alive today, that he would still continue to inspire, and lead the civil rights movement the way he did when he was alive. Martin Luther King was not just a leader of blacks, looking for equality, but as a leader of a revolution that affected all races and genders. No one like him has made such a difference in America since him, so nobody would honestly know what kind of difference Dr King would sword today in the 90s. However, in such a racial tension filled decade, a leader like Dr King, would most likely defend the rights of the rightless, and be the voice of the voiceless, as he was more than 30 years ago.I think that Martin Luther King would make a tremendous amount of flip in cases of mistreated Americans. Incidents such as the Rodney King beating, and Reginald Denny. Along with the cases of Abner Louima and Amadou Diallo. They were all classified as racial crimes, and all created a large amount of racial tension. Dr King was very good at defusing tension like that. He never preached radical opinions to the highest degree violence or the such, just about all races getting along. Especially during the Rodney King riots in California, Martin Luther King could have made a huge difference. Instead of speaches of black pride that maybe supply tension, I believe Dr. King would hav e preached Equality, and unification instead. I somewhat believe that the death of Dr. King was a conspiracy. So many questions about the assassination have not been answered, and the ones that have, are filled with loopholes. I think that the government knows more than they tell us they do, but maybe not knowing authorized things is better.

Leadership Talents of Jack Welch Essay

Jack Welch was a successful Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of General Electric Co. (GE) for twenty years (1981 2001). He was admired and feared for the clean-sprung(prenominal) vision that was implemented at GE. Jacks talented strategies were based on how he saw the hierarchy layers of management, how he analyzed the 42 strategic argumentation units, and how he implemented the culture of GE to have the feel and the passion that he had been striving for. These strategies received a lot of positive and negative caution and as a result the companys value increased by 4,000% during his tenure at GE.Jack Welch was born John Francis Welch, Jr. on November 19, 1935. He readyed a Bachelor of Science degree in chemical engineering from the University of Massachusetts in 1957. Then he went on to earn a M.S. and Ph.D. in chemical engineering from the University of Illinois in 1960. He was introduced to Carolyn Osburn through a mutual friend, and because approximately six months later they were engaged. By November, 1959 they get married two days after Welchs 24th birthday.In 1960, Dr. Dan Fox offered Welch a chemical engineering position to work on a new project on a new thermoplastic called polyphenylene oxide (PPO) at GE. PPO was described to withstand high temperatures, which could replace hot water copper piping and stainless-steel aesculapian instruments. Welch realized after his first year at GE that he disliked GEs bureaucracy, which nearly drove him to leave based on the standard predetermined $1,000 raise he received in 1961.He was fed up and walked up to his boss Burt Coplan and quit. Coplans boss, Reuben Gutoff (Reg) called Welch and offered to meet for dinner. Gutoff took Carolyn and Jack come to the fore for dinner and promised a bigger raise, more responsibility, and would keep the bureaucracy out of his way. In addition, Gutoff added another $2,000 raise on top of the $1,000 raise Coplan already prone him, which showed Welch he was serious about h is promise.In 1972, Jack was named the companys youngest Vice President then was elected Vice Chairman in 1979, then was elected the eighth chairman and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) in 1981. Jack held this position until he retired in 2001. During his twenty year term as CEO Jacks reputationIn 1999, Forbes magazine named him Manager of the Century and the Financial Times named him one of the three most admired business leading in the world today (General Electric Company). During Jacks twenty year tenure at GE he was able to step outside of the loge and change the way the game was played. (Business Pundit, 2008).

Flight Centre Case Study

relief valve Centre Graham Turner structured the company as families, resolutions and tribes. The reality of this unique system has similarly worked to the company? advantage. It provides incentives based on outcomes. The race decoct? system is based on the idea that battalion work stovepipe in their preferred environment within the larger organisation rather than trying to fit them into the company? mould. The employees believe ? hat gets rewarded gets done.? they be hard workers further also enjoy the many social aspects of the company including buzz nights, award ceremonies and team get-togethers.This essay would focus on how line of achievement centre has structured with the four nearly aspects of the organisation structure. Explains how flight centre has integrated the Mintzberg? five elements to its structure. This essay would also highlights the roles of functional and social specialization. Finally, the metaphors used by flight centre would be discussed. orga nize of Flight Centre The importance of organisational structuring and restructuring to organisational effectiveness cannot be over emphasized.Effective organisational design or organisational structuring pays immense dividends, no matter how large or low-toned the organisation is (HRODC , 2006). The founder of the Flight Centre Ltd, Graham Turner claims that people are hard wired to work in small groups within larger groups. To understand this unique structure the four aspects of organisation structure, complexity, formalization, centralization and coordination, can be used. Complexity refers to the sort in which the boldness is divided into disparate divisions, departments, groups, or individual roles, each with its own tasks and responsibilities.Vertical differentiation refers to the number of hierarchical levels in an organization (Robbins & Barnwell, 2006). At the Flight centre, the operation level involves retail shops. separately shop involves three to seven people worki ng on one brand which is called a family. The area or a ? illage? involves 7 or 10 families within one geographical region. The tribal country is a set of three or four villages. Each tribe is a different brand, brands implicate corporate affecter, flight centre and student flights (refer appendix 1).In horizontal differentiation, different parts of the organization become specialized in different activities to subjoin efficiency (Robbins & Barnwell, 2006). All shops of flight centre sell similar values even though the names (corporate traveler, flight centre and student flights) are different which makes it easy to coordinate activities and to communicate among families. Moreover, due to the similarities of jobs within a family, there are no differences between the provide.However, a special horizontal clustered family consisting of HR, IT and selling professionals, provides administrative work for retail shops. By clustering different types of functions and activities on any one level of the hierarchy has the advantage of application of higher practiced noesis for solving problems and greater group and professional identification (Luthans, 1986). Flight centre has more than 800 shops spatially dispersed. High-rise of overseas shops would increase the number of tribes, villages, families and employees. As a result, it would be difficult to communicate, coordinate and bid.According to Baumard & Starbuck (2006), the members of spatially dispersed organizations seek appreciation within networks of friends and relatives, and they form subcultures that spread across several organizations and that whitethorn be more important to them than their focal organization. These communities encompass more aspects of their lives than the strict duties of their work contracts so work and leisure infiltrate each other. Formalization refers to the conclusion to which rules, regulations, job descriptions, policies, and procedures govern the operation of an organiza tion. Robbins & Barnwell, 2006). Although the flight centre has a flat structure it has three levels (tribe, village and family) which shows that there is a hierarchy within the structure. Flight centre also follows certain standards to sustain in the business. Flight centre maintain the levels and number of families, villages and tribes. Each family can sell a single service, door age to Flight centre is normally 25 years. Managers of the shops can take 10% profit and may own up to 20% of their shop. Some rituals accept ? uzz nights? one a month and formal get-togethers.Centralization refers to the degree to which decision-making is concentrated at one point in the organization. At flight centre, there are no confusions about peoples goals, tasks, style of functioning, reporting relationship and sources of information. The ? ountry? buys operate for villages and families. A centralized structure provides people with a get to picture of how their work fits into the organization. The jampack teams analyze innovations and new ideas. However, at flight centre, there is no centralized control of the head office.Coordination is integration of activities of specialized units towards the common objective. (Anderson, 1988). Programmed coordination requires advanced planning and is a good deal used where there are a small number of expected occurrences (Argote, 1982). Programmed coordination is common in the flight centre. A head office team coordinates administrative services and marketing. Like wise, SWOT teams direct new businesses. All the retail shops are individually coordinated by the shop managers. Furthermore, get-togethers and Buzz-nights are informally coordinated. rough-cut Elements in OrganisationOne framework proposed by Henry Mintzberg suggests that every organization has five parts (illustrated in appendix 2). The five parts of the organization may vary in size and importance depending on the organization? environment, technology and other factor s (Robbins & Barnwell, 2006). At the bottom of the organization is the operating cell nucleus. At the flight centre, it is referred to the members of the family (retail shops), employees who do the basic work of selling or delivering the services. The Strategic apex is charged to ensure that the organization executes its mission.Flight centre has a unique way of distribution of powers where all authorities are not given to the tribes. However, the tribal country or the regional office is the centre that administrates the brands (corporate traveler, flight centre and student flights) which are retail shops. They also facilitate training and recruitment, buying holiday packages and other employee associate services to the villages. Moreover, the head office or the board could also be taken in to consideration because they would be establishing and monitoring the company? visions, goals and strategies.Each family or the retail shop has a manager who connects the operating core to the strategic apex. Moreover, managers of the administrative families (head office teams) would also be admitd. They are responsible for implementation and coordination at the departmental level. The technostructure of the flight centre involves the HR, IT and marketing professionals who have the province for effecting forms of standardization in the organisation. According to the flight centre report (1999), due to the recruitment system, they have changed the way they identify and attract the best staff.Moreover, technostructure would also include the flight centre SWOT teams where they focus on innovations and try new ideas. Support staff refers to the people that provide indirect support services. Support staff of flight centre includes legal Counselors, cafeteria Workers, security guards and peons. In any organisation, one of the above five (strategic apex, operating core, technostructure, middle line and support staff) would be dominant. The organisation is formed according to the dominating element.When the strategic apex is dominant, control is centralized and it forms a simple structure (Beshears, 2006). At the Flight centre, functions the strategic apex front to be more dominant than the other aspects. Firstly, the powers of the organisation are dispersed to some level at the flight centre, regional office or the tribal country administrates the brands (corporate traveler, flight centre and student flights) which are retail shops. They also facilitate training and recruitment, buying holiday packages and other employee related services to the village and can be considered as more centrally controlled.Secondly, the SWOT teams and the administrative teams are specialized all other families do a standardized work, which involves avail customers and selling products. The structure of flight centre could also be considered flat because it only has three levels and the operating core reports to their abide byive managers. Some advantages include clear ac countability and flexibility to respond to the issues of the customers. Decision-making at the Flight centre appeared to be limited. The tribal country makes decisions regarding administrative the technical matters.The tribal country facilitates brands and other employee related services to the villages and families. Moreover, shop managers make decisions at the family level although the travel consultants are sceptred. Even though Flight centre have more similarities of a strategic apex it also has a few differences. As the flight centre has more than 800 retail shops worldwide and in each year 150 more shops are adding up, the operations would be complex because it would have more families, villages and tribe which would make dialogue and coordination barriers.Furthermore, some authorities are decentralized from the tribal country, such authorities include buying products from wholesalers. Roles of functional and social specialization As organisations become large and physicall y dispersed, it requires people with specialized knowledge and skills to attend to problems professionally and reduce waste. The main functional areas in the flight centre include HR, marketing and information technology. In the rapidly changing business environment culture technology has becomes a vehicle for helping firms to reach their business goal more effectively.Flight Centre is well placed to keep pace with exertion changes. As the flight centre is geographically dispersed, information technology enables them with quicker and more effective communication and customer support. Social specialization that is required by the IT professionals includes attending to faults 24-hours because flight centre is worldwide organisation where they deal with traveling and ticketing. If an IT personnel is not available, all the operations might come to a catch because tickets and holiday packages are sold worldwide.In a successful organisation, employees are seen as their primary source o f competitive advantage. One of the success factors of Flight centre is that they continuously identify and adopt innovative human resource management policies and practices to sustain that advantage. It also include how they have structured their work and designed their training, transaction management, pay, and reward policies to help members of flight centre to succeed in achieving desired outcomes. In other words, they have aligned their HRM policies and practices to reinforce employee behaviors that can best make out the leaders strategic intent.As HR professionals, they would ensure that equal employment opportunities (EEO) are not violated. The marketing department of the flight centre is like the center of a wagon wheel with each spoke connected to other departments (in- and out-side the company) including sales, production, research, advertising, etc. The center of the wheel connects the various parts so they work in harmony. With this analogy, it is easy to see that the main function of marketing is managing relationships in the organization, with outside vendors, and the consumer.Without marketing there is no consumer and without the consumer there is no use for the product or service the company is producing (University of California, 2005). Standards that are required by the marketing professionals include, caring all stakeholders customers, employees, suppliers and distributors, local communities in which they do business, society, and the environment. For example, in promotional activities such as advertising, they would respect the host country? culture. Centralizing and Decentralizing Decentralization refers to decision making at lower levels in the hierarchy of authority.In contrast, decision making in a centralized type of organizational structure is at higher levels. The degree of centralization and de-centralization depends on the number of levels of hierarchy, degree of coordination, specialization and span of control (Luthens, 1986). T he main reason that the ? ountry? as a business unit buys services for villages and families is to achieve economy of scale and to reduce waste. If the villages or the families buy services, it would increase the court and repetition. To reduce complexity and to make coordination easy, a head office team facilitates HR, IT and marketing services.To follow a certain reporting duty each family is empowered with a manager. It would reduce the volume of day-to-day communication between the tribe and the family and have a clear accountability. Decentralizing the authority to the travel consultants would reduce the opportunity of information overload and would facilitates rapid response to all customers. It would also reduce the stress and burdens of senior management. As travel consultants, they would have a better knowledge of local conditions affecting their areas of work. This would allow them to make more informed, well-judged choices.Moreover, motivates travel consultants and can enhance their skill development opportunities. However, decentralizing would reduce consistency in decision-making and some sometimes customers may perceive it as unfair. Advantages of using metaphors To recognize and cope with the idea that all theories of organization and management are based on metaphors that persuades people to see, understand, and imagine situations in partial ways. Moreover, Metaphors urinate ways of seeing and shaping organizational life. Any metaphor can be very persuasive (Morgan, 1997).The metaphors that are used at the Flight centre are family, village and tribal country. As all the retail shops are considered as families, it shows the equality among shops, which would create little comparison and competition among families. Moreover, giving uniform service to the customers. As employees are bonded up in small teams like a families, it gives them identity operator where they belong. It would also create close relationships within families and also give s the manager a clear picture of the capabilities of individual staff. Moreover, makes decisions more effective.Creating families, villages and tribes in areas of countries would allow flight centre to adjust their services according to the specific culture of the region rather than generalizing to the whole county or state. For example, in Australia a certain area would dominate Indians, so rather than adjusting their services and marketing strategies to the Australian community they could adjust their services to the Indian market. Conclusion This essay has discussed how flight centre has structured with the four aspects of the organisation structure. At the Flight centre, the operation level involves retail shops.Each shop involves three to seven people working on one brand which is called a family. All shops of flight centre sell similar services. Flight centre has more than 800 shops spatially dispersed. High-rise of overseas shops would increase the number of tribes, villages, families and employees. Programmed coordination is common in the flight centre. A head office team coordinates administrative services and marketing. As the flight centre is geographically dispersed, information technology enables them with quicker and more effective communication and customer support.Social specialization that is required by the IT professionals includes attending to faults 24-hours because flight centre is worldwide organisation where they deal with traveling and ticketing Decentralizing the authority to the travel consultants would reduce the probability of information overload and would facilitates rapid response to all customers. As employees are bonded up in small teams like a families, it gives them identity where they belong. It would also create close relationships within families and also gives the manager a clear picture of the capabilities of individual staff.Moreover, makes decisions more effective. Reference Anderson, C. (1988). Management Skills, Fun ctions and Organization Performance. USA, Allyn and Bacon. Argote, L. (1982). ?nput hesitancy and Organizational Coordination in Hospital Emergency Units,? Administrative Science Quarterly (273). Beshears, F. (2006). Mintzbergs Taxonomy of Organizational Forms, Retrieved September 07, 2006, from http//socrates. berkeley. edu/fmb/articles/mintzberg/ Baumard, P. & Starbuck, W. (2006). Where Are Organizational Cultures Going?. Retrieved September 07, 2006, from http//pages. stern. nyu. edu/wstarbuc/where. tm Robbins, S & Barnwell, N. (2002). Organisation Theory. (4th Ed. ). Australia, Pearson HRODC (2006). Organisation structure, Retrieved September 07, 2006, from http//www. hrodc. com/ORGANISATIONAL. DESIGN. htm Luthans, F. (1986). Organizational Behaviour. Singapore McGraw-Hill. University of California. (2005). Public Relations, Advertising & Marketing Whats the Difference? Retrieved September 07, 2006, from http//career. berkeley. edu/Article/021011a. stm Morgan, G. (1997). Image s of Organization, (2nd Ed), Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks. addition 1 vertical differentiation of flight centre

Zara and H&M

We pack been exitn an assign workforcet, where we afford been divided into collections. In our throng we take a crap give wayd dickens companies, namely Zara and H& axerophtholM. These two companies atomic number 18 both really(prenominal) elephantine companies in spite of appearance uniform. The fashion personal line of credit is in truth tough, and we will beg off to you what we bank the two companies does well in this hard business, and why this is nigh. We pick out been giving time to solve the assignment in any(prenominal) of our classes with Gitte and Peter, the rest we discombobulate made at home. After we have analyzed the two companies we will comp ar their 4 Ps and their set range of a function, overly we to a fault will hazard a five forces abridgment.Z A R A * Company profile Zara Zara is a very big clothing fibril from Spain. The chain was founded in 1975 by Mr. Ortega, and it now has to a greater extent(prenominal) than 1. 000 stores in ap proximately 63 countries so it is a very big chain. However Zara has its biggest market in Spain, where they have 364 stores in total. They swop fashion garment of a fairly good quality to reasonable prices this also means that they have a colossal locate group, which we deliberate to be from kids to adults younger than 50, both men and women.Over the years Zara has expanded their mathematical product line heavily, so now they also sell accessories, cosmetics, piece of furniture and perfumes. They have made a whole new store called Zara Home where they are selling furnitures we will however taper on their clothing. The founder of Zara is naturally very wealthy, in fact he is the richest man in Spain, and the second richest within the business of fashion. Also Zaras stores are very big, most of them are between 800 and 1. 000 square meters which makes room for a lot of fashion clothing.Inditex, the mother family of Zara has many stores under them, simply it is worth ment ioning that Zara stands for 77 % of Inditex boilers suit sales, which is very impressive, and their plan for the future is to continue expanding and growing bigger and bigger. Zara clothing is sold worldwide, and not long ago the outgrowth store capable on Stroget in Copenhagen. * Generic strategies Generic strategies is a marketing in additionl invented by Michael Porter. It is very popular and many companies hire it. The generic strategy tells to the lavishlyest degree the product(s) and its target group(s). beneath you will discriminate the generic strategies model. low cost Unique product / high cost Broad target group boilersuit cost leadership Differentiation Narrow target group Niche approach focus Niche Differentiation focus As seen above we believe that Zara uses the overall cost leadership strategy. Zaras target group is very broad but their prices are also fairly low, this is why they use the overall cost leadership strategy. To a certain ext stop over you co uld also interpret that Zara uses the variousiation strategy. This is because they have very beautiful products which are a bit more expensive than their c put downst competitors.But also because they have so many distinguishable products they have everything from turn to furnitures. But mainly we are certain that they use the overall cost leadership strategy. * Growth strategies Ansoffs growth strategy is a well ben toll within marketing. The strategy is used by marketers who have objectives for growth, and Ansoffs matrix offers different strategic choices to achieve the goals. The model is shown below this text Old product New product Old target group commercialize penetration Product development New target group Market development DiversificationWe believe that Zara uses two growth strategies, and we will know explain why. The two strategies that Zara in our opinion uses is, market penetration and product development. If we have focus on their clothing line we believe tha t they have penetrated the market very much, naturally because they use the same products, clothing, and also because they aim for their existing target group. If your growth strategy is market penetration it would be obvious choice to enkindle your products, but that is not what Zara is doing.They are relaying on good store locations and loyal customers who will babble in nice words intimately Zara to their friends and family. As mentioned we also believe that Zara uses another strategy, namely product development. We base this on the fact that they have expanded their product line. Now they take upt just sell clothing, now customers also have the opportunity to buy accessories, cosmetics and furniture in Zara stores. Even though Zara is introducing new products, they unagitated relay on their existing target group. Inditex has expanded very heavily, and to put this in perspective we have some facts that show this.In 1995 they had 500 stores worldwide, and in 2004, nine years later they had 2. 250 stores. * PEST analysis The PEST analysis is a marketing tool in the macro environment who tells about the political, environmental, socio- pagan and technological forces that may have an charm on your conjunction. These are uncontrollable forces which we do not have any influence on. Also, it is vital that a company considers its moorage before beginning the marketing process. governmental factors Zara has stores in a lot of countries so it is hard to get a good view over the political factors.But if we focus on some countries we know it is easier. In Denmark we dont see any political obstacles for Zara we have a stable political environment, and the only thing we see as a threat for Zara is new tax-laws, that could influence our buying possibilities, but on the other hand it could also go the other way around. One in-chief(postnominal) spherical thing that could affect Zara could be new laws regarding the tinny work forefinger in the east. New laws regarding this area could end up raising their costs. Economic factors We are right now in the middle of a global financial crisis, and many revere that we will have a quoin.This will of fly the coop influence Zara. If the recession comes, customers of Zara will have less money to spend on their products then they used to. This sack be very crucial for Zara, because we might fear that their customers will tend to buy products from their greatest competitor, namely H&type AM. Hennes & adenineere Mauritz products are a bit cheaper then Zaras, and indeed we fear for Zara that they would lose customers during a recession. Socio- cultural factors Some great deal are against the fact that big companies use cheap end product in foreign countries, but in this situation Zara has an advantage over its competitors.They engender 80 % of their clothes in Europe which is a lot more than their closest competitors. This subject we will also talk about in the SWOT analysis. Teenagers are a lso spending a lot of money on clothes, and they often do this without influence from their parents. This creates a well-situated group for Zara who are willing to buy a lot of fashion clothes, so they can look nice. expert factors When we are in the clothing business technological factors does not have a very big influence compared to other businesses.But there are things that are relevant for Zara. Because of all the technology we have today, Zara also has new opportunities to get in touch with their customers. The internet is in this case a brilliant ex adenosine monophosphatele. Zara can pull ahead on the internet, and they also have a homepage where you can learn more about them, and check their products. * The pry chain A value chain is a chain of different activities which aims at creating value for the end user, and leaving the company with a positive margin. The activities culminate in the total value delivered by an organization.The value chain is divided into immemor ial and support activities. UpstreamDownstream Research & Development Inbound logistics Production (outsourcing) Outbound logistics Sales and marketing Service (After market) Its very important for Zara to create as much value in the value chain as viable, because there is a tough competition within the market for relatively cheap, but still good quality clothes. Zara creates value in production. Their production takes place in some of the countries with a low salary, which minimizes the production cost.But they also recruit their products in Spain and Portugal, which we believe many customers will like. In outbound logistics we also believe that Zara creates a lot of value. This is the place where the products are sent to the stores and at this point Zara creates very good and vital value. We know that Zara are very fast at getting their products sent out to the stores, likewise they also can call them back very easily compared to their competitors, and this of course create s value for Zara. In the sales and marketing Zara does not gain much value.They dont state for their products, and we believe that this would be a good idea, especially in the countries where Zara still needs to get its big break trough, instead Zara depends on good store location. We believe that they should give advertising a chance. * SWOT analysis A SWOT analysis is another strategic method within marketing. It is used to evaluate a companys, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Strength and weaknesses are internal factors, while opportunities and threats are external factors. We will start out with the strengths. One of their great strengths is their fast production.When their clothes are intentional for the first time, it can be bought in their stores around the world only 2-5 weeks later. This means that they have a very fast production and if something goes wrong or doesnt sell they can easily call the product back. At the same time they will also have new clo thes with a great variety in the stores every second week. The fast production also gives a good control of your stock, which means that they only have 15-20 % unsold inventory each year and a good profit margin. In H&M, Zaras worst competitor, it takes 6-8 months before their designs are in the shops therefrom it is a great strength.Location of Zara stores is also one of their strengths. They are placed where a lot of people walk by, and therefore a lot of people see the store, and they will go in, and eventually end up buying something. Because of their production, they also have a good reputation among their customers. Most of Zaras production takes flavourless in Spain and Portugal. This is a good thing because many people dont like the thought of underpaid workers. When you buy products from Zara you have a lot of different things to choose of, which is also a strength and the products you buy are of a high quality and a reasonable price.A weakness for Zara we definitely mean to be their homepage. It is very confusing, and it is not easy to browse around. When we looked at it, we were actually very disappointed, and we even got a little bit frustrated because it is so confusing. We also call up that despite their good quality and prices they are a bit unknown among the young generation in Scandinavia. Before this assignment we didnt know too much about Zara. We believe that H&M is more known then Zara in Scandinavia, and this is due to Zaras lack of advertising.Right now we have a global financial crisis, which influences the customers buying possibilities. This also affects Zaras customers, and they will think more carefully over the things they choose to buy. If the financial situation became more positive and we were facing a thunder, Zaras customers would have more money to spend on their products therefore a boom is a possibility for Zara. Of course Zara has their competitors as a threat, especially H&M and Gap. The business which the y take in is very competitive therefore it is vital to be on the marks at all times. Zara also has some production in Asia. then new political laws about salaries and working hours is a threat for Zara, which could end up making their production more expensive. * Price / quality grid The price/quality grid is a tool you can use to analyze a product and the companys strategy with the given product. First it is worth mentioning that a product is anything that can be offered to a market for bargain for or use, which might satisfy a want or need. A product consists of three levels, namely the core benefit, the tangible product and the augmented product. Beneath we have shown the model and we will explain which strategy we believe Zara uses. High price Low price High quality Premium strategy advanced value strategy Low quality Overcharging strategy Economy strategy In our opinion Zara uses the good value strategy. This is of course because they have a high quality, but also a fairly low price. When buying clothes from Zara the customer at least get the same quality as if buying from Armani, but buying clothes from Zara also gives you a low price. This tells us that the customer gets more then he pays for, when talking about the actual product. Others would say that the brand and status other products give them is more important.But when using a good value strategy, the company will get a lot of live up to customers. It is worth mentioning that Hennes & Mauritz in our opinion uses the same strategy, namely the good value strategy. Hennes & Mauritz * Company profile Hennes and Mauritz is a very big company, it was founded in Sweden, 1947. They started selling clothes to women and at that time their stores was called Hennes. Later, in 1968, they founded a store that started selling clothes to men, and this store was called Mauritz, and Mauritz also started selling accessories.Later they changed the name to Hennes & Mauritz (H&M), which is the store w e know today, who sells their products to both men and women. Since H&M was founded they have expanded heavily, and today you can find them in 24 different countries, with more than 1. 345 retailers worldwide. Hennes & Mauritz has their biggest market in Scandinavia likewise their target group is very broad. They sell clothes to small children but also to adults, both men and woman. * Generic strategies Porters generic strategies were made in the 1980s, and since then it has been a very popular marketing tool.Today it is still very used among companies worldwide. Low cost Unique product Broad target group Overall cost leadership Differentiation Narrow target group Niche Cost focus Niche Differentiation focus The generic strategy is used to find the companys competitive advantage, so they will know what to focus on while they are maintaining their core competitive advantages. H&M has a very broad target group, and their products are also at a relatively low price. Therefo re they use the strategy which is called overall cost leadership.They can sell their products at a low price because they produce them in countries such as China and other Asian countries. H&M has used this strategy with great success. * Growth strategies Ansoffs growth strategies were first published in 1957. Today it is still used by many marketers who have objectives for growth. This model offers different choices of how to achieve your goals. Old product New product Old target group Market penetration Product development New target group Market development Diversification H&M operates uses the market penetration strategy, obviously.They have their existing products, mainly their clothes, which they sell to their existing target groups. They have a good brand within clothing which they are trying to make sounder and stronger. You could say that they over the years also have used market development. Because in the beginning they only sold clothes to women, but know they al so sell clothes to men. This is why their strategy for many years has been market penetration. * PEST analysis Before a company begins its marketing process it would be wise to consider its environment. This can be done with a PEST analysis.Political forces In Denmark we dont believe that the political forces play any role, but in their production countries it can affect them. New laws about salary and working hours can make production more expensive, which wont be good for H&M. Economic forces Not long ago we had a boom period in Denmark, therefore people had more money to spend on clothing for example. But now we are slightly heading towards a recession. But actually we dont mean this has any negative influence on Hennes & Mauritz. People will still have the money to buy their products because they are cheap compared to others.So maybe they will even experience to get more customers, if the population does not feel that they so much money to spend on clothes. Socio- cultural forces The trends are very important for H&M. We believe that many girls like having clothing from H&M. This we believe to be their biggest target group also. They have lots of different products which can be bought at a good price, and they feel comfortable wearing clothes from H&M. Therefore it is important that H&M keeps them self updated on new trends. A more negative factor could be the fact that some people are against cheap production in foreign countries.This will hurt their image among some people, because they have so much production in the east. Technological forces On the technological forces H&M is up to date in our opinion. They have cheap production, partly because of good technology. Also they have a very good homepage where you can see their collection, and also shop online. Furthermore you have the opportunity to read about the company and get the newsletter via their homepage. * The value chain UpstreamDownstream Research & Development Inbound l ogistics Production (outsourcing) Outbound logistics Sales and marketing Service (After market)Above we have shown the value chain. Earlier we have mentioned the purpose therefore we will now start with the analysis. When we look at their production we know that many of their products are produced in China. This makes production cheap and therefore also the products that are sold to the end users. This creates value for H&M. Also they have 700 independent suppliers, primarily in Asia and Europe. Hennes & Mauritz only produce 30 percent of their own clothes, the other clothing they get from firms such as L. O. G. G. , which they have a permanent contract with.This way they dont spend too much money at their own production, while having lots of independent suppliers. And due to all the suppliers they will naturally get a good price, because they order a huge amount each time, but also because the suppliers would like to have their products in H&M stores. H&M has a top of m ind status when we think of cheap and quaint clothing. And this is very valuable. Not many companys has achieved to make the same brand and position as H&M, therefore they gain great value in sales and marketing.Many big designers has designed clothes for H&M such as Stella McCarthy and now also Madonna wants to design clothes for them. She wants to make a series of clothes for women called M by Madonna, which we believe could be a huge success. If Madonna designs clothe for H&M it will be good advance and great value. * SWOT analysis Strengths Weaknesses Good repetition Loyal customers Good quality Reasonable prices Slow production Some think of H&M as discount label Recall of products Opportunities ThreatsEconomy (recession, to a certain extant) Growth in the Asian retail sector Rising salaries for the workersNew political laws regarding productionCompetitors intense competition The purpose of a SWOT analysis we have already mentioned. We believe that their stronges t strength is their quality and brand compared to their prices. In H&M you get something in return of your money. But as we see it they also have one very big weakness, especially compared to their strongest competitor, Zara. H&M has a very slow production compared to Zara and it takes up to 8 months before the new designs are available in the stores.If something goes wrong it wont be easy for them to call the products back, so at this point they have to improve. Regarding the economy we believe that they are well prepared for both a boom and a recession. If we experience a boom people will buy even more clothes then they usually do, and if we experience a recession they will maybe get some new customers. The biggest threat we believe to be new laws regarding their production, this would give them extra costs. Comparison * The 4 Ps The marketing mix, also known as the 4 Ps, is probably the most famous marketing term.The marketing mix is very simple, and it tells us something a bout the product, place, price and promotion. We can also say that the marketing mix is the companys offer to its potential customers. We will start out with the most important P the product. Product As we know both Zara and H&M primarily sells clothing. Their products are very similar they both sell fashionable clothes, so at this point we dont see any big differences. But Zara has expanded their product line. They have made new stores where it is possible for their customers to buy furnitures, so at this point we see a difference.Also Zara offers cosmetics to their customers. Price At the price there is a little difference, but again these two companies are very similar. H&M is a little bit cheaper then Zara and this is a result of their cheap production. Zara is also fairly cheap, but H&M, their closest competitor is a bit cheaper. Place We believe that we roughly can divide their markets into two in Europe. Zara has their biggest market in the Southern Europe, while we believe that H&M has their biggest market in Northern Europe and Scandinavia.This is also naturally because of the firms birthplaces. Furthermore they both operate worldwide in hard competition with each other. They sell their products worldwide, and they both have good locations especially Zara. Promotion Zara is against promotion, so they do not advertise for themselves, instead they rely on good store locations and a good repetition among their customers. The case is different for H&M, they advertise for their products, so that they can create attention upon their products. The 4 Ps have been a very good way at comparing these two companies.Overall we can intermit that they look alike each other a lot, and they are in a very hard competition against each other. They both have strong sides which they will use, both they also have weak sides which they can improve. But one thing is certain the competition is very tough. * Porters 5 forces Five Forces abridgment helps the marketer to contrast a competitive environment. It has similarities with other tools for environmental audit, such as PEST analysis, but tends to focus on the single, stand alone, business or SBU (Strategic Business Unit) rather than a single product or range of products.Five forces analysis looks at five key areas namely the threat of entry, the power of buyers, the power of suppliers, the threat of substitutes, and competitive rivalry. Analysis for Zara and H&M There will always be a thread of new comers on the market. In many cases these companies will not become a big threat, because there on the clothing market is such big competition, that they will be ousted within a relatively short period of time. The Power of buyers is if big buyers like Magasin choose how much they want from a certain company like e. . Bruuns Bazar. consequently Magasin sets the standard, they can do this because of their good reputation, and because many costumers do their shopping in this mall ever y day. Therefore they got a big buying power. The threat of succor Products will always be there, for example the walkman was substituted be the MP3 player, and the horse-wagon was substituted by the car. There will always be a development, and companies must be sure to be updated at all times.Therefore its extremely important to use a big sum of money in the Research and Development Department because thats the companies future. The suppliers also have a certain power. They are the ones providing the company with the raw-materials, so that they can produce the products. * The value chain In the value chain we believe that Zara and H&M gains value at different places. Zara creates value in their production because some of it takes place in good production countries, while some of it also takes lace in Spain and Portugal which also creates value. But at this point they are similar, because also H&M creates value in the production chain. Most of their production takes place in foreign countries, and this makes their products cheap which will give them more customers. The place where there is a big difference is in the inbound logistics where Zara creates a lot of value, and H&M does not. As we have mentioned earlier Zara can send their new designs apace to their stores, and also call them back again.H&M can also do this, naturally, but for them it takes much longer time. But then Hennes & Mauritz are good at creating value in Sales & Marketing, where Zara is not so good in our opinion. H&M has huge stars like Madonna who wants to design clothes for them, this is very good promotion and it also creates a lot of attention. Zara, on the other hand doesnt even promote their products they are depending on good store locations as mentioned. 1 . http//www. marketingteacher. com/Lessons/lesson_fivefoces. htm

Assess the usefulness of functionalist theories in understanding religion today Essay

Assess the usefulness of functionalist theories in understanding pietism today (33 marks) There are a class of antithetic definitions of holiness including substantive definitions, which refers to focusing on the content or substance of a religious belief such as God, functional definitions, which refers to organized religion in terms of the social or psychological functions it carries out for the individual and there are besides social constructionist definitions which focus on how members of society in truth define religion.Functionalists hold a consensus assimilate and argue that society requires both social order and solidarity in order for it to run smoothly, and religion is one expressive style of providing this as it encourages shared norms and values. As previously mentioned, functionalists argue that social order and solidarity to run smoothly Durkheim argued that there are four main ship canal in which religion maintains value consensus.One way is through the inef fable and dishonor, he argued that sacred referred to things that are separate from society and create feelings of awe, wonder and fear whereas profane referred to things that were inferior with no real significance. Durkheim indeed argued that the only thing powerful enough to inspire people in the way religion does is society itself therefore meaning people are not worshipping their religion or god, but in fact society this means that people unite under the alike belief, sp showing shared norms and values all over and therefore creating consensus within society. Another way in which religion helps to maintain value consensus is through Totemism Durkheim argued that face of all religions could be identified by examining its simplest form in the simplest type of society which he called a clan society.He carried out a breeding in Australia with a tribe with a clan system. (Arunta) This tribe consisted of a close knit community who carried out rituals together with involved the worshipping of a sacred totem, such as a plant of leaf that identifies the clan therefore creating a sense of social order and solidarity. Totemism is similar to the sacred and profane as it causes individuals to unknowingly worship society instead of a God or supernatural being, therefore again spreading shared norms and values. However, there are criticisms to this view Worsley argues that there is no difference between the sacred and profane and his view of totemism would only apply to small scale communities with a single religion, but not larger scale communities with multiple religions as there are commonly conflicts between them,meaning there is no longer social order and solidarity.Malinowski argues that religion promotes social order and solidarity through it psychological functions, which helps individuals who are going through hardship therefore preventing them from going against societys shared norms and values. Malinowski suggested two different types of situation in w hich religion helps to perform this role. One way is when the outcome is important but is unwieldy he compared the differences between two different ways of fishing when carrying out a study in the Western Pacific, he argued that lagoon fishing is predictable, safe and has a more successful method of catch fish meaning there is no ritual. However, when the islanders were ocean fishing, he identified it as more dangerous and uncertain which required the islanders to carry out rituals in order to ensure their safety whilst fishing. Malinowski argued that the ritual gave the islanders a sense of control and more confidence, again highlighting solidarity.The other situation was at times of disembodied spirit crises, this meant events that cause significant change such as birthdays, weddings, and death religion is useful as it helps bring little disruption. Similarly, Parsons argues that religion helps individuals to handle unforeseen events and uncontrollable outcomes. He identified two ways in which religion does this one way is by creating and legitimising societys central values but make them sacred. For example, in the USA, Protestantism helped make the American core values of meritocracy, individualism and self-disciple sacred.This therefore helps to promote social order and solidarity as the vast majority of Americans would have the like norms and values, creating little conflict and greater social cohesion. The other way is by answering peoples ultimate questions, such as who created the earth, and why do some people die young. It gives individuals a sense of security and makes people less likely to rebel against society. However, not all sociologists agree with the functionalists and their view of religion and its role.Feminists argue that the role of religion is to oppress women and help maintain patriarchy within society. One way in which religion maintains patriarchy is through religious organisations these are significantly male dominated, for example, Orthodox Judaism and Catholicism do not allow women to become priests. Armstrong argues that this is evidence for the marginalisation of women in religion and society. Places of worship often separate the sexes, placing men on more holy ground with women sitting behind a screen. Women are also not allowed to preach or read from sacred texts.Additionally, menstruating women are not allowed to touch the Quran, this therefore reinforces patriarchy as women are forbidden from doing important rituals within their holy ground and are also discriminated against. Sacred texts are often focused on the actions of male gods and prophets and are commonly written by men. Women who are featured in sacred texts are commonly portrayed through stereotypes such as Eve, who caused the fall of humanity and expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Lastly, religious laws and customs ensure that women are given less rights than men, such as access to divorce, how many spouses they can have, decision making etc. In conclusion, there are a variety of different theories as to the usefulness of lack of in regards to religion.

Marketing and Unilever Bangladesh

CONTENTS 1. Abstracts 2. Objectives of the study 3. Methodology 4. Introduction 5. Analysis of the Marketing strategies 1. Segmentation 2. Targeting 5. 3 lay 6. Marketing mix 6. 1 reaping 6. 2 Price 6. 3 slip 6. 4Promotion 6. 5 package 6. 6 Public relation 6. 7 forwarding 6. 8 Politics 7. Recommendation 8. Bibliography Abstract Unilevers mission is to add Vitality to life. To meet everyday of necessity for nutrition hygiene and person-to-person cargon with brands that serve well people look good, feel good and get more out of life.Its deep roots in local cultures and markets around the world pay off them a strong relationship with consumers and the foundation for future growth. In this assignment, we are going to analyze the marketing strategies of Unilever Bangladesh for two of its brand which is Rexona and ledgeman Excel. We are going to give an over altogether summary of the various marketing breakd take in, targeting, positioning, promotion, distribution and many other marketing mixes of both rexona and surf outmatch. Thus the main objective is to bring some a well organized summary and view of the positioning of these brands compared to its competitors.The corporate purpose of unilever states that to succeed requires the highest standards of corporate behavior towards every angiotensin converting enzyme we work with, the communities we touch, and the environment on which we look at an impact. Hence we are going to show how they have made these two brands as one of the top brands in the world. Objective of the study In this come across our objective is to analyze the 4Ps of marketing i. e. Product, Price, Place and Promotion. We are also going to study how Unilever has targeted its market, segmented and positioned its self in the geniuss of the consumers in Bangladesh.Rexona- Rexona was origin bothy created in Australia in 1900 by a pharmacist and his wife. Since then it has led the field by providing consumers with cutting-edge technology t hat is proven to deliver outstanding results. Rexona offers a broad range of highly effective antiperspirant deodourants to meet the everyday needs of men and women everywhere. Rexona with its droll active ingredients provides 24-hours vindication against body odour and underarm wetness to attend bread and butter one physically fresh and mentally confident, even in thetoughest moments.The rexona deodarents available in bangladesh are rexona acitv reserve, rexona ice-cool and rexona power. breaker Excel- Surf go past is the highest selling premium washout powder in Bangladesh. everyplace the years it has anticipated the changing washing needs of the Bangladeshi lady of the house and constantly upgraded itself. Surf excel has been a initiate in the unpolished in encouraging others to let their children explore and discover the world around them. For any consequential stains there is Surf excel. Surf excels mod formula effectively removes dried in stains.The surf excels a vailable in bangladesh are Surf excel Pack, surf excel mini and surf excel large pack. METHODOLOGY The focus of this preliminary study was to get the primary information from the copmany itself. Hence we paid a visit to the Unliver bangladesh confederation in capital of Bangladesh. We were escorted by a few of their officials and asked them a few of the basic questions which were the following 1) How did you segment the brands? 2) whom or which group of people did you target? 3) what is the positioning of your brand? Hence a detailed questionnaire was developed in order to collect the required information from them.The second part of the information was collected via internet. We searched for the information in their site- www. unilever. com. bd and www. wikipedia. org. INTRODUCTION Unilever is one of the worlds largest and leading multinational companies Unilever commenced their business activities on a larger scale by setting up their first factory in Netherlands, in the year of 1872. Operating in Bangladesh for over the last four decades the company is trying to significantly contribute towards the augmentation of the standard of living by speech world class high quality proceedss at the door step of their customers.The usage of Unilever products by over 80% of the people in Bangladesh stands a recommendation to their successful operation. Constitution Unilever 60. 75% shares, Government of Bangladesh 39. 25%. xad Their array of products show that they produce household care, fabric exculpateding, skin cleansing, skin care, oral care, hair care, personal grooming, and tea based beverage products under worldwide famous brand names Wheel, LUX, Lifebuoy, Fair & Lovely, Ponds, Close Up, Sunsilk, Lipton, Lipton Taaza, Pepsodent, All Clear, Vim, Surf Excel, and Rexona.Analysis of the marketing strategies Unilever produces many products. Among all the products, we are going to concentrate on two of their products which are REXONA and channel-surf EXCEL. Se gmentation 1) Rexona Rexona deodorant segments its product on the basis of demographic segmentation. Demographic segmentation consists of Gender, age, lifestyle, occupation, income etc. The users of Rexona are mostly the young people and those who go to offices regularly. 2) Surf Excel SURF EXCEL is the highest selling detergent powder in Bangladesh.It does non go for traditional mass marketing. Moreover as a detergent powder SURF EXCEL does not even segment its market correspond to gender. Surf Excel detergent segment its product on the basis of geographic segmentation. Geographic segmentation consists of world regions, country, city, density etc. pic (Figur2. 1) Market Segments of Surf excel Figure 2. 1 shows that Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. segments their market according to geographical areas. The population of the country is segmented into three parts which are urban, sub urban and agrestic area consumers. Targeting ) Rexona Rexona deodorant targets those people who have to go to office and those who spend a long time outside their house. Rexona target millions of people in low-income markets, such(prenominal) as Asia, to enjoy the brands benefits via affordable mini-sticks, mini-roll-ons and sachets of deodorant. 2) Surf Excel According to the segmentation unilevers target market for Surf Excel is those families who has children and get their cloth pestiferous in all sorts of areas and need to wash them. This product is mostly used by those family which has children and need to wash cloths 4/5 time a week.Positioning 1) Rexona With Rexonas uncomparable body-responsive technology, which releases extra protection as you need it, youll know that your deodorant wont let you down, giving you the confidence to face the days challenges. From the above statement we can see that Rexona deodorant has positioned itself as number one deodorant brand in the country. Positioning Statement Rexona with its unique active ingredients provides 24-hours protection against body odor and underarm wetness to help keep one physically fresh and mentally confident, even in thetoughest moments. 2) Surf Excel Unilever Bangladesh Ltd obtained a good position in the buyers mind through and through better product attributes, harm and quality, offering the product in a different way than the competitors do. The company offers improved quality of products in the industry at an affordable price with high branding, which ultimately helps to position the product in the buyers mind as the best quality detergent powder. The market share of the company in the detergent powder industry is somewhere around 43%.Since in the detergent powder industry all products are of same price Unilever cannot provide its consumers with better price but it is in a great position in reference with its packaging, fragrances and product designing. Marketing Mix Product SURF EXCEL falls under the category of toiletry product as a detergent powder. SURF EXCEL has three layers- Core benefit clean clothes Actual product its color (white & blue powder), brand name (Surf Excel), features (unique washing powder which clean clothes). Augmented product Give surety of clean clothes perfectly.Rexona falls under the category of Cosmetics product as a deodorant. Rexona has three layers- Core benefit provides a good body odor. Actual Product flavor (ice cool, mini free spirit, active reserve), brand name (Rexona), styles (body spray & roll on). Augmented product 24- hours freshness guarantee. Key facts ? worlds largest deodorant in gross sales and market shares ? number 1 position across more than half the world ? proprietary body-responsive technology ? the only brand tailored to the individual needs of men and women PriceThough Unilever Bangladesh gives its Surf Excel & Rexona customers a lot in terms of the product itself, it cannot provide a better pricing. This is due to some constraints in the product industry. Surf Excel & Rexona is a product with a vulnerable demand in Bangladesh. A change in price has a high happen of creating price war among the rivals which will eventually cause a loss of profit. Its prices are almost equal to its competitor. Table 1 shows Surf Excel & Rexona price. lately Unilever launched Surf Excel Mini which contains 20g detergent.Basically its launched for the lower class people. (Table 1) Surf Excel & Rexona price Surf Excel Rexona Weight Price Product Price 3 kg 430 Tk. Activreserve (40g) 100 Tk 500 g. 70 Tk folderol Cool (40g) 110 Tk 20 g. 3 Tk Power (40g) 100 Tk Free Spirit (40g) 120 Tk. Place Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. has a huge distribution channel for Surf Excel & Rexona all over the country. The company has six huge warehouses, one in each element of Bangladesh, where the product goes after they are manufactured at Unilevers factory. Table 2 shows the location of its six warehouses in Bangladesh. The company does not use its own fleet of transport for distributing its product.However, it has outsourced i ts distribution process to various third party distributors, exclusively dedicated to Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. These distributors then supply the product all over Bangladesh to a huge number of retailers. Even though Surf Excel & Rexona targets the sub urban middle and upper middle class people they are distributing their products all over Bangladesh because of a recent increase in demand of its product to all segments of the population. (Table 2) Location of Unilever Bangladesh Ltds Divisional Warehouses Division Location of Warehouse Dhaka Dhaka City Chittagong Kalurghat Heavy I/A Sylhet Sylhet City Rajshahi Rajshahi City Khulna Khulna City Barisal Barisal City Promotion Rexona & Surf Excel Rexona deodorant and surf excel use television as the media of advertising. Most of the commercial advertisements are made in such a way so that the consumers are attracted to buy the product. Rexona & Surf Excel promotes itself by providing new advertisements and making its customer aware of the availability of its new and improved versions of the product. They also promote via billboard, magazines and leaflets. An advertisement of Sur Excel pic Packaging Surf ExcelSurf excel is the highest selling premium washing powder in Bangladesh. Over the years it has anticipated the changing washing needs of the Bangladeshi homemaker and constantly upgraded itself. It has been constantly improving its packaging. Its developing different shapes and sizes of colorful packages in order to attract the customers and retain customers. picpicpic 3 kg 500g 20g Rexona Rexona has a unique bottle which is protected from dust, moisture and pollution. Rexona offers a wide range of highly effective antiperspirant deodorants to meet the everyday needs of men and women everywhere.Rexona with its unique active ingredients provides 24-hours protection against body odour and underarm wetness to help keep one physically fresh and mentally confident, even in thetoughest moments. picpicpicp ic Free Spirit Mini Ice Cool Ionic Mini Free Spirit Public Relation Public relations are a major mass-promotion tool for an organization. Public relations (PR) are the practice of managing the flow of information between an organization and its publics. PR can be used to build rapport with employees, customers, investors, voters, or the general public. parkland activities include speaking at conferences, working with the press, and employee communication. ShareholdersUnilever conducts its operations in accordance with internationally accepted principles of good corporate governance. It provides timely, regular and reliable information on the activities, structure, financial situation and performance to all shareholders. Distributor Unilever maintains a good relation with the distributors so that the products which they produce can easily reach to the consumers at at rest locations. With the help of distributors Unilever can also maintain its product price in such a way that it can also earn a peripheral profit against it cost. Consumers Unilever is committed to providing branded products and services which consistently offer value in terms of price and quality, and which are safe for their intended use.Products and services are accurately and properly labeled, advertised and communicated. Publicity Unilever is distributing free sample of Rexona and Surf Excel Mini packs to the students of various universities for its publicity. Its also provide sponsorship to many programs and events (such as sports, naive realism shows, talent hunt etc. ) occurring throughout the country. Children celebrated the Surf Excel Daag Utsab, an innovative activation campaign, at Dhaka Residential Model College amid much enthusiasm. Over 3,000 students, aged 6 to 12, from 20 city schools took part in 15 fun games under three zones Red, Blue and Orange in two sessions.Surf Excel, a brand of Unilever Bangladesh Ltd, organized the programme in association with Market Access. Politi cs Unilever maintains a cordial relationship with the government of Bangladesh. It has legal rights to operate in this country by abiding the laws and rules followed by the country. They pay taxes regularly and donate the government during natural calamities. RECOMMENDATION After studying on SURF EXCEL and REXONA we mum that the image of two brands in the market meet the customer needs regarding toiletries and cosmetics items. Though there existing other competitors but these two brands build up its core customer to fulfill the business objectives.In the current days Surf Excel is a common name used in about to every family due to its quality, price and its availability what is also true for Rexona. Besides this, there are some points to be followed to extend and strengthen the business- 1. The marketing strategy should be more attractive to compete with the market competitors (i. e. door to door selling). 2. The price, promotion, and distribution channel should be favorable to the customers. 3. The advertising should be livelier that can touch the customers mind and satisfaction. 4. The packaging should be changed after a certain time interval. 5. Retail network should be improved to maintain the balanced business over the whole year. 6.The business performance should be such a level that can keep the company in the first place in the stock central chart. 7. To achieve the maximum selling the price should be offered with a minimum margin that can make the maximum customers target. 8. The corporate social responsibility should be properly maintained. Bibliography www. unilever. com. bd www. wikipedia. org http//www. unilever. com. bd/resources. /contactus. asp http//findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0BDW/is_20_42/ai_74699188/ www. unilever. com/brands/personalcarebrands/Rexona. aspx www. unilever. com. au/ourbrands/personalcare/rexona_products/default. asp Rural Poor urban and Sub Urban Upper Middle and Middle Class Urban Rich

Ethical Decisions Essay

Irregardless or our differences, one thing that is general to all men is that we all have to make a decision at one point or the other. We are always faced with situations that call for us making a choice among switchnative actions. Oftentimes, there are several alternatives before us and we have to make a choice. What do we do? At this stage, we are at a crossroad. Essentially, when part is at a crossroad, he should ask himself why he should do what he wants to do. We should appreciate the fact that the decision we are about to make determines a muss of things.For instance, the next decision we are about to make might make or mar us. We should also understand that since we do not live in an independent world, our actions have effects on the pot around us. In view of this, we should not just make decisions but seek to make a good one. If we are to make a meaningful decision or choice, he should therefore evaluate the choices that lie before him. But the long asked motility is How do we evaluate our actions? Historically, many scholars and philosophers have do several attempts at answering the question.Many have come up with theories for the purpose of guiding man in his quest to make a credible decision. Interestingly, some of these theories are opposing to each other and so the struggle continues. We have to consider which of these theories gives the shell answer to our question. On thing is sure, we have to make decisions. For better comprehension and clarity of this essay, I will attempt to make a briefly comment on some of the honorable theories. I will also evaluate an experience I have had in the past in light of these ethical theories.Question that will be addressed in this essay includes how can my decision be evaluated in light of the various ethical theories? Does these ethical theories pass of my action at this time? If it does, how does it? And if it does not why does it not? As an overview, in the course, we have learnt about utilitaria nism, Kantian ethics, ethical egoism and various forms of telling theories, Aristotles virtue ethics and Aquinas natural law ethics. When I was in college, I was the course representative of my class.This position made me responsible for a number of duties, part of which is keeping the attending details of students in the class. As part of the schools rule, a student moldiness attend at least 65% of all classes before he/she is allowed to sit for the final exam. As expected, some students did not comply with this rule and when we were busy having classes, they were no where to be found. The exam time came and I was told to submit the attendance register so that they can know who sits or misses the exam.When I went through the attendance, I discovered dissever of people in my class fell into the category of those that will miss the exam and my friend was one of them. I asked myself, what would I do? After hard thinking, I decided to submit the register without altering it. Why? B ecause it is what is expected of me to do Duty demands me to do so. Another reason why I made the decision was because my mind will not be at rest within me if I had altered the attendance register to please my friend. I also wanted them to learn their lessons and be better people.I believe that we should all have a sense of duty and that we should do be faithful people with what is place in our care. Evaluating my decision with Kantian ethics, I will hold that my decision was the reform decision after all. In Kantian ethics, focus ethical motive and rightness of action has its basis on duty, treating a man as an end, and universalism. Considering the issue of duty, it is my duty to properly keep the attendant sheet and not alter it. The attendance sheet was placed in my care and so my decision came out of a sense of duty. I did not also expect to be rewarded by my teacher nor do I seek for recognition from the principal.On this basis, Kant himself will approve of what I did. In ad dition to this, on the issue of treating a man as an end in himself and not a means to an end, I think my actions are also justifiable. For one, I did not submit the attendance sheet because I wanted the teacher to approve of my actions or to say job well-done Although, I must admit that the teacher commended me and the principal ulterior approve of my conduct, it was not the motivating factor for what I did. I did what I did because it was what I should do. It was the right thing to do.Also, on the issue of universalizability, will I call that the same action be performed on me if I were the one in their shoes? My answer to this question is Yes For one, I can not skip classes and notwithstanding if I skipped classes and had to face the consequence of my action, I dont think I will feel bad if someone who was merely doing his job did not help me. If I am guilty of an offence and I know the implication before I did it, then I should be made to hold for it. Furthermore, when I l ook back and evaluate the decision I made at that time, I always come to a strong conclusion that that was the right thing to do.This is because I believe that no reason given can alter the consideration of duty. I had to ask myself why I was chosen to be the class representative. I was bound by some rules and some things are expected of me. I have to conduct myself in a manner where I will not go against the rules. I could have altered the sheet but that would have been against the purpose of my office. Apart from this, I will be supporting(a) laxity and indirectly be destroying their lives. They had to learn their lessons and it will not be to their good if they did not learn it.My friend, though furious with me for several years, is now gratifying to me for doing what I did. From my own point of view, when we allow erring individuals to go scot-free, we are undermining the order in the society. Our society thrives because there is an order and so this order ought to and must be upheld. Our actions therefore should not be based on feelings or sentiments. We should all learn to do what we are meant to do. That is what is required of us.Reference Popper, Karl. R.. Objective noesis An Evolutionary Approach. (1972) Oxford University Press.

Is the Death Penalty Right or Wrong?

For centuries the devastation penalization, often accompanied by barbarous refinements, has been trying to hold crime in check that crime persists. This was a quote from Albert Camus he is questioning the death penalty, by declaring that crime rates harbourt decreased. The death penalty is a court sentence of death by execution. To many, the death penalty is right because it protects people from harm. To take ones life as capital punishment is wrong, we, the States should seek new disciplinary actions to stop crime.When a someone is drop on death row, in general likely nobody exactly knows if the person actually did the crime, evidence shows many things but doesnt accurately confirm if somebody did something. It isnt right to kill someone and not know exactly if that person did the crime. According to the Death Penalty Information Center website since the year of 1973, 139 people in 26 states eat up been released from death row with evidence of their innocence.Also, of the 5 ,500 inmates currently on death row, at least 14 percentage be believed to be innocent, according to the statistics provided by the Death Penalty Information Center in Washington, D. C. These ii statements prove that people, who are put on death row, arent always the doers of the crime. Your life is basically oer when your put on death row, to be on death row for a crime you didnt even commit must be terrible.Various statistics show that the defendants income level has gobs to do with either a person is put on death row. Death sentences are enforce in a criminal justice system that treats you better if you are rich and guilty than if you are poor and innocent, Bryan Stevenson explains. When you are getting treated better than an some other person, you are more likely sledding to get the better side in everything, so no death penalty for you, while the other person, who is poor and innocent, is getting the death penalty.To Helen Prejean, she believes that the poor are selected t o die in this country and also that, notes gets you good defense, which is why youll never see an O. J Simpson on death row. Helen is right, to me, because if you have money in this world you can practically buy almost everything, including a well respected lawyer. With the right resources a guilty man can be put off death row and into prison for mayhap a few years unlike, an innocent man who doesnt have the right resources, be put onto death row.

Bus 599 Paper

Master Degree in Business Administration Strayer University Strategic Management coach-and-four 599 Assignment 3 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the MBA program Abstract Through this paper, one result understand the trends in the global beer securities industry. There will also be the possibility of Modelos international expansion. There will also be an assessment about the next foreign market that Modelo should draw in involved with. A decision about the challenges that Modelo faces from their competition InBev and how Modelo should respond to this beer industry giant is presented in this paper. closing but non least, a discussion about weather or not Modelo should diversify their care is stated in this paper. Historically, the brewing tune was known as a local industry. Furthermore, only hardly a(prenominal) of the brewers were known at an international level. During the prehistoric decades, there were a lot of consolidations done at heart the b eer industry. With the past few course of instructions, the process of global beer consolidation grew even higher. By the year 2008, there were two study acquisitions made within the global brewing industry.The two acquisitions were made of Scottish and New Castle by Carlsberg and Heineken. The other acquisition was done of Anheuser-Busch by InBev. (www. carlsberggroup. com). The trend of beer over the last five years had a combined annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4. 8% worldwide. (www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1G2-2843300064. html. ). Within Central America and southward America, the CAGR increased to 6. 3%. Africa also showed growth by having CAGR that got up to 6. 4%. A key credit line about the growth of beer was shown in Asia. www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1G2-2843300064. html). The trends of beer for the last five years engage being tilting toward consumers missing expensive beers. Due to that, expensive beers or bounteousness beers accumu late(a)d 17% of the beer sales globally. The premium beer market of North America as swell up up as Western Europe sales happen to be higher than the global average for premium beers. www. carlsberggroup. com/company/market). Due to the high economic downturn, the consumption of premium beer became very low.Grupo Modelo happens to be the most popular and largest unsexrs of beer in the country of Mexico. Over the years, this company has strived for excellence and became the twelfth largest producers of beer in the world by 1998. (www. credit lineweek. com/globalbiz/content/aug2008/gb20080814_195868. html). Grupo Modelos most famous brand of beer is the gloriole Extra. Corona Extra was noted as the first among imported light beers within the unite States in the year 1997. Moreover, Corona Extra was ranked the fifth in light beers worldwide in 1997.Grupo Modelo is the producer of nightclub brands of beer within their company. Modelo mission is to produce, distribute and sell quality beer at a competitive price, optimi zing resources and surpassing customers prediction in order to contribute to the social development of Mexico. (www. gmodelo. com. mx). Due to North Americas justify Trade Agenda (which eliminated barriers as well as tariffs) Modelo made a strategic business prevail that involved protecting themselves from having to deal with U. S. beer taking over their sales in Mexico.Moreover, Grupo Modelo Company decided to move around partners with Anheuser-Busch. The deal of partnership with Anheuser-Busch allowed Modelo to be an exclusive distributor of all the Anheuser-Busch products in the country of Mexico. Within the United States, four different brands of beers produced by Modelo were sold and distributed by Barton Beer. Anheuser-Busch did not distribute any of Modelos beers within the United States. With the partnership of Modelos and Anheuser-Busch, Anheuser-Busch was not doing very well in Mexico.Moreover, Anheuser-Busch beers (Budweiser and Bud Light) during that time of the lat e 90s were only marketing well in tourist areas within Mexico. Due to this discourage fact of Anheuser-Busch only doing well in tourist areas of Mexico, they decided to raise their equity in Grupo Modelo to 37% in 1995 and proceeded to raise equity to 57% in 1997. By raising their equity in Grupo Modelo to 57%, Anheuser-Busch total investment came up to about $1. 6 billion. Modelo decided in 1996 to renew their alliances with Barton Beers and Gambrinus for a decade.This decision made by Grupo Modelo angered Anheuser-Busch and brought about mistrust in decision making by Modelo. By the year 1997, Grupo Modelo had 80 percent of all Mexico beer export. In addition, Modelo was exporting there brand of beers to 143 countries. (www. businessweek. com/globalbiz/content/aug2008). Although Modelo is well known for their brand distribution of Corona Extra and Corona Light, they also distribute other beers such as Modelo Especial (this happens to be Modelos second leading brand of beer), Vi ctoria, Light Modelo, Pacifico, Estella, Leon Negra, Montejo and Negro Modelo.It is a proven fact that Modelo has done very well within the United States beer market and is still having unremitting success in Latin America. The Next foreign market Modelo should step into must be the Asian market. This continent is understood to be huge consumers of beer, coming second after Western Europe. Modelo should try and make alliances with the top seller of beer within each Asia nation. Modelo should also try to relinquish their strong Latin telescope and try to incorporate them into the Asian refinement.Although it is an applauded agenda for a business to strive for uniqueness, it is also a sure idea for a business to be adoptive. Moreover, Modelo will have to send agents that will evaluate the business environment of Asia in order to know their style and likings when it comes to beer. Instead of concentrating on making huge lettuce by selling their products at high prices, they should counseling on quality and make their product forthcoming for a reasonable price. This will enable the buyers of the beers realize the beer taste and then become a faithful customer.Modelo should also try to work together with local brewers within Asia. Modelo should also invest in advertising and avoid having to make known to customers in Asia their beer rank number one in Latin America. Moreover, the focus should be on becoming the number one distributor of beer in Asia. Modelo should also seek to construct factories or plants within Asia in order to do away with export prices and the trouble of transporting the beer. Building a plant in Asia will make their business seem more intoned with the Asian culture and allow Asians to look upon this company as one of their own.Normally, when a company presents itself as an outsiders, they tend to have a difficult time adjusting to their customers. If Modelo follow this strategy of adapting to the way of live by their customers in Asi a, they would not have such a difficult time selling their products. Although Modelo is known as the most self-made beer distributor in Latin America, this company still has to deal with competition. One major competitors of Modelo is InBev. InBev is a Belgian-Brazilian brewer that took over Anheuser-Busch for $52 billion.Furthermore, 50% of Modelo is owned by Anheuser-Busch. This puts Modelo in a difficult predicament. Modelo also stands at a disadvantage because InBev bought Anheuser-Busch and Anheuser-Busch owns fifty percent of Modelo. The strategic response Modelo can imply to the competition of InBev is to digest out Anheuser-Busch, so Modelo can once again decide their business agenda without any interference. This seems to be the best strategy for Modelo because Anheuser-Busch will always cater to InBev because thats who owns their business.Furthermore, Modelo needs to focus on maintaining their report as the best beer distributor in Latin America. The only chance InBev h ave of taking that gentle away from Modelo is by buying Modelo. The Corona Beer is still a success worldwide as well as in Mexico and Modelo needs to bet that fact as an advantage. Diversity in the world of business is always a good thing. Furthermore, it enables a business to grow and get more customers. Modelo should diversify their business.Modelo should consider getting into the soft drink business. This is a way to gain a larger consumer base. Although Modelo is doing well selling beers in Mexico, a lot of Mexicans dont drink alcohol or are small-scale to consume alcohol. Getting in the business of selling soft drinks would be a very tranquil transition because Modelo is a popular a successful company. References www. businessweek. com/globalbiz/content/aug2008 www. gmodelo. com. mx www. carlsberggroup. com/company/market www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1G2-2843300064html.

History of the Automobile Essay

Starting in the late 1700s, europiuman engineers began tinkering with motor powered vehicles. Steam, burn, and electrical motors had all been attempted by the mid 1800s. By the 1900s, it was uncertain which font of engine would power the locomote. At archetypical, the electric railway automobile was the most popular, but at the time a battery did not exist that would allow a car to move with much speed or over a long distance. Even though some of the earlier speed records were set by electric cars, they did not stay in production past the first decade of the 20th century.The steam-driven motorcar lasted into 1920s. However, the price on steam powered engines, either to build or maintain was incompar qualified to the louse up powered engines. Not only was the price a problem, but the risk of a boiler fusillade also kept the steam engine from becoming popular. The combustion engine continually beat pop the competition, and the early American automobile pioneers like Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford built reliable combustion engines, rejecting the ideas of steam or electrical power from the start. Automotive production on a commercial dental plate started in France in 1890.Commercial production in the joined States began at the beginning of the 1900s and was competent to that of Europes. In those days, the European assiduity consisted of small independent firms that would turn out a hardly a(prenominal) cars by means of precise engineering and handicraft methods. The American automobile plants were assembly line operations, which meant development parts made by independent suppliers and putting them together at the plant. In the early 1900s, the United States had about 2,000 firms producing one or more(prenominal)(prenominal) cars. By 1920 the number of firms had decreased to about 100 and by 1929 to 44.In 1976 the push back Vehicle Manufacturers Association had only 11 members. The same situation occurred in Europe and Japan. The first automobile pr oduced for the masses in the US was the three-horsepower, curved-dash Oldsmobile 425 of them were sold in 1901 and 5,000 in 1904this model is pipe down prized by collectors. The firm prospered, and it was noted by others, and, from 1904 to 1908, 241 automobile-manufacturing firms went into business in the United States. One of these was the Ford Motor Company which was organized in June 1903, and sold its first car on the following July 23.The company produced 1,700 cars during its first full year of business. Henry Ford produced the Model T to be an economical car for the medium American. By 1920 Ford sold over a million cars. At the beginning of the century the automobile entered the transit market as a toy for the rich. However, it became increasingly popular among the general universe of discourse because it gave motive powerers the liberty to travel when they wanted to and where they wanted. As a result, in North America and Europe the automobile became cheaper and more a ccessible to the middle class. This was facilitated by Henry Ford who did two important things.First he priced his car to be as affordable as possible and second, he paid his workers enough to be able to purchase the cars they were manufacturing. This helped push wages and auto sales upward. The convenience of the automobile freed lot from the need to springy near rail lines or stations they could choose locations almost anywhere in an urban area, as long as roads were available to connect them to other places. Many states in the US naturalized motor fuel taxes that were used only to build and maintain highways helping the auto highway trunk become self-supporting.Popularity of the automobile has consistently moved with the state of the economy, growing during the boom period after earth War I and dropping abruptly during the Great Depression, when unemployment was high. World War II saw a large increase in mass transit because employment was high and automobiles were scarce. T he rapid growth of car owners after World War II, particularly in the United States and Western Europe demonstrated the populations favor towards automobiles. During the war, automobile motors, fuel, and tires were in short supply.There was an unsatisfied demand when the war end and plenty of production capacity as factories turned off the war machine. Many people had relieve money because there was little to buy, beyond necessities, in the war years. Workers relied heavily on mass transportation during the war and longed for the freedom and flexibility of the automobile. A historian has said that Henry Ford freed common people from the limitations of their geography. The automobile created mobility on a scale never known before, and the total effect on nutriment habits and social customs is endless.In the days of horse-drawn transportation, the practical limit of wagon travel was 10 to 15 miles, so that meant any community or individual farm more than 15 miles from a city, a rail road, or a navigable waterway was isolated from the mainstream of economic and social life. Motor vehicles and paved roads have narrowed the gap between rural and urban life. Farmers can ship easily and economically by truck and can drive to town when it is convenient. In addition, such(prenominal) institutions as regional schools and hospitals are now accessible by bus and car. Yet, the effect on city life has been, if anything, more prominent than the effect on the farms.The automobile has radically changed city life by accelerating the outward involution of population into the suburbs. The suburban trend is emphasized by the fact that highway transportation encourages business and industry to move outward to sites where land is cheaper, where access by car and truck is easier than in crowded cities, and where blank shell is available for their one or two story structures. Better roads were constructed, which further increased travel throughout the nation. As with other automo bile-related phenomena, the trend is most noticeable in the United States but is apace appearing elsewhere in the world.Before the automobile, people both lived in the city and worked in the city, or lived in the country and worked on a farm. Because of the automobile, the growth of suburbs has allowed people to live on the outskirts of the city and be able to work in the city by commuting. New jobs due to the impact of the automobile such as fast food, city/highway construction, state patrol/police, convenience stores, gas stations, auto set up shops, auto shops, etc. allow more employment for the worlds growing population.