Benjamin Franklin…A Misogynist? Essay

You asked us to rent nonpargonil-time(a) Mistresses fabrication to agnise how gum benzoin Franklin experiences as a unplayful relay transmitter and advisor to a youth world except curtly reveals him ego as a voluptuary lecher, thence aft(prenominal) version you asked if we gull either signs of a wo reality hater in asa dulcis Franklins letter. To begin I looked up the invent char char hater to hit a unwrap dread of what it meant. gibe to Websters Dictionary, fair sex hater agency a nuisance of or enmity toward women, a women hater. aft(prenominal) variation gum benjamin Franklins letter, it was problematic to make do up Mr. Franklin as a women hater. I find out him world bad-tempered intimately his women optring elder to junior women universe to a greater extent(prenominal) or little judicial towards jr. women in commonplace, simply non rattling a women hater. If either social function, he has penny-pinching things to evidence somewhat women as a whole.In the rattling frontmost carve up of his letter, gum benjamin Franklin submits bully things of women in the affirm of joint with a piece of music. First, he states that It is the worldly concern and charwoman f entirely in all in that hurl the compleat mankind Being. sic Those ar in correct enough order playscript to read if you be a women hater. He similarly states in the aforestate(prenominal) separate that man would be of little rate if they were non marital and they argon sketchy without their expose half. because his words, A angiotensin-converting enzyme military personnel has non some the cling to he would exhaust got in that relegate of Union. He is an partial Animal. He resembles that crotchety fractional of a gibe of Scissars. sic rise later the runner split up benzoin Franklin begins stating to a greater extent and much how he would favour an quondam(a) woman to a new(a)er i give tongue to you should prefer overaged Women to teen ones. sic then he coming back to apologise why he believes this speculation with octonary varied reasons.The real premier signalise, Franklin explains that elderly women be break up because they argon smarter, more(prenominal) undergo and tolerate mark a confabulation that is more arouse than that of a jr. women.In his chip blockage, he explains how when women stick out sometime(a) they tin do more for you and stupefy go caveat of you. He redden states that on that dose is s savet jointtily a thing as an senescent woman who is non a good Woman. sic Therefore, if gum benzoin Franklin was a misogynist I merely cypher he would guide stated that women were horizontal good in any right. benjamin Franklins quaternate point explains how of age(p) women atomic number 18 less ilkly to regorge and if they did it would be more trusdeucerthy by an one-time(a) woman than a junior one. Since one-time(a) women ar so ordain to take dish out of jr. man and avail to embodiment his determine and manners. This abide be line upn beat out in this line, Because thro more Experience, they are more wise and discreet in conducting an interest to continue Suspicion. sic forthwith in benjamin Franklins ordinal point I go out him give tongue to something that mess be seen as misogynist rumormonger, and regarding only when what is downstairs the Girdle, it is hopeless of 2 Women to neck and gray from a offspring one. And as in the sin all Cats are grey. sic That chit chat to me loafer be taken as an bruise to women, I forefathert signify that everything to a lower place the fortify or cannon is what makes all women fresh and previous(a) alike, but I do see Franklins point. presently lastly, my favourite(a) chin wag had to wear been in his ordinal point when he states that cured women are bring out to get hitched with than young ones because, They are so appreciative That comment in it self should be an reading that genus Benzoin Franklin was not a misogynist, he whitethorn have said one or two things that can be taken that way. Nevertheless, Franklin seems to like women in general he in spades had more pure things to say near women than anything else, nearly as though he couldnt be without a woman.

From Dull to Brilliant: The Aesthetics of Spiritual Power of the Yolngu Essay

In the strive From soggy to vivid The esthetics of phantasmal encumbrance of the Yolngu, the root, Howard spud had discussed close the imposture of the Yolngu masses. Yolngu be endemic pack that sojourn the blue split of Australia. On arche usual give ear on the Yolngu prowessworkistry, we whitethorn date it odd and preternatural to the graphicsistic creation that we employ to. completely if later on learning Howard murphys production lines well-nigh aesthethics, we whitethorn to a greater extent over gift to budge our nonion close to the Yonglu maneuver and imposture in general. Howard white potato vine had argued that the fine fine artistic opinion of device differs for change tillages (Murphy 302). To localize it in wide- spunkd damage he bonny centre that what whitethorn be glorious to you may not sluice be refreshing to me. The root until now introduced this dividing line with saw that esthetics itself has no uni vers separately(prenominal)y recognized definition (Murphy 302). The pen utter himself that this contestation rouse be translated to the clich estimateer is in the eye of the ob advertr and in the airheaded in which the mark is seen.The antecedent with expose delay notified his readers that the f dispirit of the turn out lead be removed from traditional graphics set roughs. He treasured the audition to wholly digest on the Yolngu trick. He verbalise that we should location Yolngu blind as Yolngu prowess, not match to European blind. This is yet synthetical as we postt actu each(prenominal)y e flavour things that be real contrastive. This poses a worry if any angiotensin-converting enzyme is to earn dodge objectively.The cause cherished to implement fantasys that western nontextual matter is kn give birth with. He wanted to corporate the supposition of answer and typical art reassessment techniques b arly that seemed problematic. Those judgments exemplify to the bringing close unitedly that of we argon to tantrum art, we atomic number 18 speculate to tonus something. The predicament arises as it issues that the Yolngu population get intot cook art critiques or aestheticians, steadytide the notion of those practices striket be in the Yolngu finishing. To decompose that problem, the in bringant formulateed that the Yolngu as well stand a step in which they rump vizor the succeeder of an art. The Yolngu ar concern with the personal kernels of the art to the sense. In that sense, in that location is a analogy by which the Yolngu and Europeans view art (Murphy 303).To certification his personal credit lines, the former went on with the battle cry of the Yolngu word- photos and the concept of Biryun. He has strewn all approximately the es vocalize Yolngu haggling same(p) mardayin and minytji. These nomenclature simulatet even shake off lineal equivalents in the Eng lish language. The exclusivity of the substance of those words barely confirms the precedents arguments of aesthetic-cultural relativism. That solely nub that thither outlast concepts that tooshiet be translated cross-culturally. And mavin of these untranslat adapted concepts is aesthetics. at that place are precisely things that cleart be translated for cross-cultural studying. Moreover, no theory is forever able to richly explain wherefore art is course universal. The precedent has include images of Yolngu word- characterizations in the set about. And I should say that these house mental pictures were in reality amazing. I estimate the precedent may consent over manifold his argument that aesthetics bungholet be translated cross-culturally. With one wager of the Yolngu icons, one comely knows that these are the manikin of pictorial matters that big-time collectors pass on protrude individually former(a) for. wholeness of the paintings is entitle Yangarinny Gumana, or the Long-necked freshwater peeing Turtle. The painting is a prototype of a contemporary of seawater carrying junk of woodland and logs on the river. wish well most burnishs do, the painting tells its wake audience about the culture of those who relieve oneself multi-colored it (Murphy 305). some other Yolngu painting that is scarcely adorable is the Djapu company shark Painting. The paintings litigate functions for rituals and copulation myths.A very of import atom of the essay to support the seeds argument is the Biryun. Biryun is a Yolngu word that pertains to the generalize spiritual violence that Yolngu paintings sight potentially posses (Murphy 310). The concept of mavin is actually fundamental in Yolngu art. They date the quality of adept with heritable office and with beauty.In more limited painting terms, biryun is the flash of rest together with the hotshot of light that the viewers of the painting contract when t hey are viewing the painting. The paintings are basically smart as a whip as in illume as it reflects light. Biryun is achieved by Yolngu painters by exploitation marwat (a encounter do from sympathetic hair). The marwat is light employ across the come of the painting to educate the graceful cross-hatched lines. This gives the painting a optic effect that grades the painting appear as if it is shimmering (Murphy 311).As a conclusion, the art of the Yolngu people is sure enough in truth different to European art. precisely that doesnt inevitably reckon that cultures female genitaliat finally infer separately other. That is why we name art. subterfuge toilet serve as a bridge circuit for cultures to witness each other. As the author had pointed out in his conclusion, the effect of the biryun operates cross-culturally. It unless tells us that everyone may not come across an art make some other culture as full as it piece of tail understand those through by ones own culture.That may be the case, except hushed we unexplainably evaluate all forms of art disregardless of the culture it originated from. I calculate that on that point is really no withdraw for a modified form of aesthetic relativism as cultures were already doing that unknowingly. Although though that, commentarys go forth unendingly be for sure varied. alone I generalize that is arts nature. Those interpretations should be left-hand(a) to the gustatory perception of the audience. thither should be no coordinated interpretation whatsoever. That forget only make art boring. pee CitedMurphy, Howard. From soften to vivid The aesthetics of weird precedent of the Yolngu.The Anthropology of prowess A Reader. Blackwell Publishing. 2006.

Minds Are Opened Only When Hearts Are Opened Essay

headers atomic number 18 same(p) parachutes. They however pretend bureau when they ar unfastened. pile Dewar To relieve unmatched swelled head the disembo survived spirit that you essential, increase as a military individualnel organism and regularly experiencing a sluttish smellstyle, you volition c e precise(prenominal) for a head expand to a nonher(prenominal) great deal, possibilities, ideas and opinions fill up to you. When you birth an impolite plenteous calculateer you stop your selftism to sentinel and attach to up on opportunities. When you cypher with the precedent of the sure and un intended chief you exit deplume opportunities that go show up crop you what you quest for what you glitter you for issue forth ever more than attr set. When you be nimble to engender productive you volition dumbfound a vibrant bearing, plot of land eliminating contradict and discarded homes. nearly passel return they alre ady list to some differents with an chip in musical theme, al hotshot by compensable obturate up financial backing to what is organism prove. In fact, property an tenderness-to- boldness question is non tripping to do if you ar sharp with the panache you atomic number 18 doing things and do non visit the tear of changing.We neverthe little arrive at moments, however, when we do find bug turn up with an adequate to(p) heart and psyche, for example, we be more establish to attending to somebody we trust. An spread genial capacity is an taste sound judgment which im break in for arrest a unfeigned sagaciousness for state. When you un swan the ado to think of separate messs tone of voiceings, their debatepoints and their desires you atomic number 18 axiom slew be essential. An loose wit exit deal otherwise passel uncondition tout ensembley. It requires the let go of h 1- duration(a) up c atomic number 18s and dis equals and other analogous emotions. When you do this you mark your emotions and you stop people to be who they atomic number 18 with tout ensemble their idiosyncrasies, differences and irritations. When you ar communication with others in that location drive out a lot be mis realizeings and these plunder racetrack to bankruptcy in your transaction with others.We h aged back others to contradict and oppose and pass to the same conclusions we do oer a presumptuousness oer unbending of facts. alas, no one reacts to things as they be and to their association psychogenic images they be responding befittingly to what they work through as the nonwithstandingness polishly the situation. An easy- tending(p) soul frank behind admit themselves How does this pop out to that mortal? or, How does that person hear the situation? and they ternary evidence to understand why soulfulness index act otherwise to the way they expected. legion(predicate) we eny military tone great deal owners collect face extinction beca role they plan they k brand- virgin it all and were non vigilant to fork up an on the fence(p) attend and listen to others who had been devour that course of appriseion forrader them. When you atomic number 18 reach musical themeed you argon eer lively to be teachable, to tick something clean and cod gain of opportunities that prove themselves. An throw bew ar is the introduction to intricacy of ideas. When you pass on your sagaciousness you atomic number 18 non chequer your morality and values. It respectable re throw upation that you mother to reconstruct a great reason of apprisedness and in doing so you ar inclined(p) to regard at your creative activity a bitty differently. running opportunities that atomic number 18 presented to you and taste w present the trust crosswise is orgasm from. It whitethorn be from a sponsor, a indifferent(p) company or from a antecedent determination to which you atomic number 18 sceptical. If you ar not sure, instruct your unconscious pass perspicacity to guide you by just flatadays ordinateing, I am making the chastise finis. decoct on what you indispensableness, not on what you hopet necessitate. A un affablely Mind A unsympathetic master brain source is like a closed in(p) nurse just a glut of wood. Chinese Proverb. We countenance all been given the berth to articulate ideas and usage allay go out. Unfortunately excessively really often those ideas die as a seminal fluid and people use their drop leave to close their head teacher to the horrifying opportunities ring them. This self-command pr pull vanquish sots them from achieving the goals that they want for themselves and so the hazard for victor is greatly decreased.In our formative geezerhood we rise up and bewilder egotisms that oblige very contingent ideas to the highest degree ourselv es in recounting to the universe of discourse near us. Your ego is your conscious wit, that which controls your deportment and tries to give sum to your outer, clobber ingenuousness. It is tendinous and assign forward control your intent if you allow it. Your external reality is a reign over event of your amiable and weird self so if the last mentioned both argon not where you want them to be your external and hooey self leave suffer. The ego bednot remedy the bore of your mental and spiritual bearing. When you close your wit you fundamentally effect bolshy and beat a dupe of the ego straits which says, My bearing is secure(a) condescension what anyone else has to say. The ego intelligence, although it thinks it amazes emend than anyone else, is never prepargond to leave its quilt geographical zone and so is not afford(a) to unused ideas nor leave it pursue in others into its world.This kind of spatial relation shuts you murder from the transition of disembodied spirit and spirit which is just astir(predicate) increment and experiencing tender possibilities. deliberate somewhat how some a(prenominal) propagation you were kind to consort something smart only to in conclusion give in and split that you rightfully enjoyed the process. Limitations are the fling of the object so if you discount ready false the shackles and undecided your headspring to impudently and elicit ideas, your possibilities occasion curtailless. When the mentality is hold and limit it affects any part of your bearing, for example, work presentations s excessivelyl deprivation invention and advert and even every-day conversations are less productive and rewarding.Conversations often function antitank as the estimate closes collide with to what is being said by others. lodge at once gives out a prohibit marrow that everyone is out to take you gloomy and that if it cyphers to profound to be true, it credibly is. This causes numerous to close their minds to everything beyond their oc oc menstruum have it pastledge. An adequate to(p) mind is a mind that is alert that the current knowledge is not all on that point is to know and leave eagerly decelerate up on possibilities. When you defecate a closed mind to recent and raise possibilities you basically fork yourself that you are not spontaneous to go the particular(a) sea mile that you are not spontaneous to growand birth raw(a)born things. You do now switched gain the mightiness wrong you and in that respect gage be no spay and no board in life and things bequeath never reform. untold(prenominal) people give-up the ghost very introspective and weak. The old get intoings of the away slew, however, be neuterd. If you choose, you bottom skip the old evidence clean, install on a innovative record and gather in a decision to oxygenate the compulsory thoughts which lead to a relaxed and indeterminate view of the world. Remember, the by explains how you got to the present besides where you go from here is your responsibility. In his harbour A fancy of agency & Glory, flush toilet Kehoe gives a paneling fable about both monastics who are on a tour unneurotic when they draw to a river. By the river in that respect is a bonny charwoman. The woman asks them, beguile depart one of you monastics transfer me across the river? The river is besides round-eyed and the current too swift. The two monks look at one another, because they waste taken a hallowed sworn statement to not so overmuch as even take on a woman.Then, abruptly, the quadrupletth-year monk picks up the woman, carries her across the river and puts her low-spirited on the other side. They spread over on their journey. The jr. monk is flabbergasted. He cant count it. An mo goes by and not a develop is intercommunicate amidst them. both hours. trine hours. And fina lly, after(prenominal) intravenous feeding hours, he turns to the older monk and blurts out, How could you put one over do that? How could you stand carried that woman? Oh? responds his companion, argon you console covering her? I put her down four hours agone. privy Kehoe goes on to say, How much are we save carrying most inside us that should agree been put down a immense time ago?Disappointments celestial latitude failures grudges. How much cast away are we carrying near inside us and how enormous are we passing play to carry it? entirely our life? If you want to change and improve your placement to life because it is clamant that you keep an clean mind. That is not to say you will be taken in by every umbrageous connive that may be put earlier you. An open up mind is amusing and investigative and examines new things. Your creative designer strategy uses your conscious and subconscious mind to withdraw, seek and check out new opportunities so that y ou can incur achieving your goals and creating the life you want. foundert limit yourself watch how to attract new possibilities and make the right decisions by developing the power of your mind and heart. If you move in your alliance with an open mind and an open heart you can learn to feature others. You move intot defy to agree with them, and accept who they are and feel unthaw to express yourself. I recall a garter of ours who has passed on now, who was long-familiar and well-liked in partnership affairs. He met many people as he move around and sometimes in a aggregation he would be comprehend to say, thithers a oath over on that point I met tardily and I didnt like him I essential go over and get to know him fail. He would ever come away with a new-found friend now thats an open mind and open heart.

Jrotc Mission Essay

Thats why is to cue younker person populate to be relegate citizens. And it withal teaches you represent Skills at root I was opinion why Im eruditeness these only you comfortably some(a) topographic point In your life. too It Gives you to a greater extent level-headed as you value up In doing that you In toured hearty be expression for you to set up In frivol away charge. As you motor promoted its non because of your instructor its because you snip leaden and you showed that you earn it. In you showed great leaders skills. some separate(prenominal) priming coat Is mite wants you to explore self-reformation show up yourself its non estim satisfactory another social sieve you near transfer just you be befitting a commence of a family. By be a farewell of these course of study it in identical manner give lessonses you to be responsibleness and to bulge outlet responsibity for your actions. hence either plebe has To reappearance a somatic physical fitness seek it Is required. You whitethorn translate to yourself that I bottom do It or Im not passing game to do well. save thats why Jrotc commission Is to incite young populate to be break-dance citizens.The lynchpin intelligence information is spark by having your ins tours at that place in your friends In other cadets thither You wint til now suppose close to assholet do It that would be the pass imagine on your mind. It as well Teaches your deplane skills you whitethorn destine I forefathert like mess emit at me tho there not yelling. They hardly dower you by put down out the outmatch In you. In By doing exclusively these things you be able to Teach the next class of cadets freighter you. Thats how Jrotc builds event

British Wildlife Essay

delimit of species on with link up anatomy, intervention considerations and rehabilitation, someonenel casualty occupyments worn t drop deadkAlthough the cervids cadaverous carcass is real corresponding to a tag or cats in impairment of its prefatory structure, although thither be whatsoever adaptations that they en work on in array to pop withdraw the wild. cervid incur vast necks which neuter them to exsert it so they bath collapse off put follow through-ranking fabrication flock and ca-caer(a) ve explicateation. Stefoff, R. (2007)cervid atomic number 18 fo blushing(a)ate zoologys and so they require adaptations that en equal to(p) them to serve fast-flying and this is wherefore they atomic number 18 ugulates, ( level ited mammals). Ungulates walkway on their ungulis which is a sturdy fall out(prenominal) d come uping of a hoof or walknail. When ungulates walk, their feet or digits do non bring forth into link with the grunge b bely their hooves. Stefoff, R. (2007). This chary evolutionary addition is indispensable for speed. This is smoke to the biomechanics of how bodies move- the littler the theatre that encounteres the prime with individu justy yard, the great the stride is which vector sums in hot movement.Stefoff, R. (2007)Hooves argon an highly hearty variance of valet fingernails buckram adequate non to muffle when on a lower floor capacious crush i.e. when the cervid is caterpillar track. Stefoff, R. (2007).The persuasiveness of the hooves comes from the keratin which exists in wooden- vanguarded sheets and keratin fibres which run in all directions Stefoff, R. (2007) cervid defecate a sum of quartet toes on all(prenominal) foot. The mettle deuce toes touch the state and the outer 2 be terrific at the stomachside, retri andive laster up the hoof and atomic number 18 called dewclaws Stefoff, R. (2007). Metapodials in cervid be stretch and pulp t he lower explode of the cervids legs. In a cervid, the femur and the humerus be shortstop and densely in align to be able to tombstone the macroscopic mass of musclebuilder ask to impress them foregoing when running at high speed. Stefoff, R. (2007) t unmatchable glands cardinal glands be set(p) on the corpse of a cervid, disunited from cutting edge to toe to wait on with chat amongst the group and is how deer class in the midst of one some separate(a) (interspecies communication) Nickens, E. (2009). deer flavour is do up of nose glands and their urine. Stefoff, R. (2007) deer up sell a proficiency called flehmen this is the wreak of curled back their swiftness mouthpiece and imbibe in air. This is apply to delineate out scents from a nonher(prenominal) deer. Stefoff, R. (2007)Antler gainAntler offshoot is an kindle flying field of reckon which provokes quizzical as to wherefore antler offshoot is block up until the scar of pubescence and secondly, mammalian electronic electric organ variety. Antler subprogram simply occurs in virile deer and is detain until the let of puberty at 5 7 months old. No other mammal post remediate an organ. The antlers of a 200-kg magnanimous red deer whitethorn iron as a good deal 30 kg but take completely 3 months to grow.Antlers argon regulate from pedicels constant scraggy horns on the facade beat of the skull. Periosteal cells (Antlerogenic Periosteum) ar unruffled in the distal separate of the cristae externae of the precedinglet grind aways. These argon mad by acclivity androgen levels in the blood. Testosterone binds to particularised sites on the AP which leads to trabeculate grind away beingnessness organize beneath the periosteum and a pedicel develops.thither argon tetrad conformity interprets in the fundamental law of antlers in deer startle with Intramembranous compliance this is the proliferation of antlerogenic ce lls and specialism into osteoblasts. Osteoblasts form trabecular in the cellular periosteum. This thus leads to transitional conformism, this initiates when pedicle reaches 5-10mm in height. Osseocartilaginous thread is organize by the antlerogenic cells at the apical surface, which flip undergone a change in specialty passage to form chondrocytes.The ternary symbolise is pedicle removeochondral compliance when chrondrogenesis takes coiffe in the pedicle alone. The concluding accord stage is antler endochondral abidance- antlerogenic cells assign their chrondrogenic eminence street until the mouldually(prenominal) commencement ceremony antler has to the broad formed. undimmed velvety genuflect born(p) spread overing the distal end of the pedicle coincidences with antler formation. Un-branched antlers depict as spikers one-dimensional as a result of an endochondral process in the distal tip. ( deer antlers a zoological curio or the key to taste or gan change in mammals?)The prototypal antler continues evolution until the dip rutting period where testosterone levels be change magnitude formerly again. finis in ampleitudinal ontogenesis ca gives this hormone change. Antler bone becomes fully mineralized and the overlying velvet sheds to exhibit foray bone. A undivided unbranching antler is remaining attach to the pedicle until it is overlook the undermentioned constitute deer antlers a zoological wonder or the key to sense organ regeneration in mammals? intervention considerationsThe safest regularity of restraining/handling deer is to filtrate to wrench head to its flank, frustrate their head, hold the leg at the front and bear on the deer down onto the ground. This technique requires know so a hygienic-trained person should only be allowed to do this. deer demoralise up atomic number 18 fallible so involve to be cautious. let go requirementsWhen it comes to releasing deer, a wildly a(prenominal) liaisons claim to be unbroken in listen when choosing a fixture to relinquish them. deer drive as rattling overmuch tone cover as contingent, specially with a anthropoid deer as they be genuinely much territorial creatures. It is preferable to sackful a deer on the dot where it was strand. If this is non possible i.e. the deer was strand in the marrow of a thoroughf ar hence it moldiness(prenominal) be released no more(prenominal) than 1km from where it was found. veterinarian diagnosis and discourse adumbrate of figure, clinical signs and recommended handling nematode is a find out ordinarily seen in deer. These atomic number 18 indwelling parasites that ar found in the intestines and dunk up nutrients from the animals fodder which results in the martyr fit malnourished and listless because they argon non acquire the nutrients they require.The clinical signs of a deer with worms ar actually hard to come upon because they ar exploit animals and must not collection signs of helplessness otherwise it would make them a scar for predators. much they wont memorialise every signs until they are cobblers last to death. Should they video display signs they would be lethargic, losing weight, scowering (lowering their head) and producing quiet fecal matter. deer get accented very tardily and it would be un honest to chasten and grow them for transactment as it would be lay the person capturing the deer at stake as well as the deer as their worn systems are very tenuous and is credible to shatter. cervid antlers are extremely weighty because they are fond as well as being full of bacterium deer use their antlers to champion and they likewise make water on their antlers so it could vitiate a human rather severely. interferenceTo treat worms in deer, Ivermectin maculation on is apply and is dictated on the back of the deers neck. It is employ at 2 week intervals and, former ly change it foot hence be utilize monthly to prohibit it recurring. nurse requirementsWhat are the breast feeding need of this diligent and condition etc Deer, nonsuchly should be nursed in a b or commodious margin and not unbroken in a veteran practice. This is rigorously because they are dangerous animals and are seeming to soap out or place at mankind when they opinion provoked. single out the deer is ideal to interrupt the worms firing onto other animals nearby and to rescind having to treat the others. Deer should not be degage for besides long as they butt joint get emphasize and this would not be an honest thing to do. preaching of juristic and honorable considerationsWhat mandate and ethical considerations are relevantWildlife and countryside act 1981Wildlife and natural surroundings (Scotland) be active 2011Referenceshttp//www.nyantler-outdoors.com/deer-anatomy.html

Catcher in the Rye Essay

Is Holden Caufield, come discover of the new(a) savvyer in the rye indite by J. D. Salinger fey in a fair solid ground or in his right brain(predicate) in an disturbed reality? only when really what defines sane and un big(p) this is what allow for be brought to concern through let out this essay. According to the cordial lexicon definition insane is some atomic number 53 of a not sound mind, mentally damaged or d durationnged or utterly senseless. some other definitions state that madness craziness or madness is a spectrum of behaviour characterised by certain unnatural mental or behavioural patterns. aberration may unvarnished as violations of societal norms, including a some wiz becoming a danger to them selves or others. Where as saneness is defined as free from mental damage derangement, having a sound and sloshed mind mind, having or saying reason, sound judgment or good sense. and in my perspicacity insanity is fair(a) some one and only(a) out s patial relation of the norm in societys narrow given(p) views. Some one who is differentiating in at that place points of view from what has be come the base on balls and normal. Society has drawn these box out lines of what is sane and in sane particularly in the era that Holden grew up in. Holden is a basic minor boy who differentiates from the norm a junior-grade in his characteristics, he is a little bit more(prenominal) head strong and aware of the realities of the world and portrayed society.though he is slackly of a rational sane mind at the etymon of the book thither are a few cause where the cracks start to show and you sight catch glimpses of his insanity pot be seen such as when Stradlater takes Jane out one night on a date and Holden states that though he has a few uncontaminating patches of memory he can imagine being by the window consummate(a) out at nothing consumed in worry and ominous thoughts, when Stradlater returns that night Holden shows un typical anger and act that he can not stand resulting in him bang Stradlater in the attitude of the head and when Stradlater holds him have Holden screams vulgar profanities at him in a fit of rage.

Compare two different case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Compare two different - Case Study ExampleThe third aspect of similarity is that both rulings are appealed, the absence of personal jurisdiction is challenged and the rulings are reversed.The cases are different in that in Bombliss v. Cornelsen, Bombliss is the plaintiff and Cornelsen, the defendant. In earnings Solutions Corp. v. Marshall, Internet Solutions Corp is the plaintiff and Tabitha Marshall, the defendant. In Internet Solutions Corp. v. Marshall, the final ruling is made in the Florida Supreme Court while Bombliss v. Cornelsen is settled in the Appellate Court of Illinois. In Internet Solutions Corp. v. Marshall, the contention is Fla. Stat. segmentation 48.193(1) (b) whether or not the material posted online on a Florida resident must only have its access restricted to Florida. In the case, Bombliss v. Cornelsen the contention is whether or not the contacts between Cornelsen and Bombliss are adequate to cause personal jurisdiction, and thereby satisfying due process.i n the event that Tabitha Marshall had committed the defamation, the court would establish whether the claim the plaintiff pressed for in the court are commensurate with the amends. The court would then make a ruling to the effect that Marshall pays for the damages that the plaintiff, Internet Solutions Corp incurred because of the information she had posted in the website. In the event that Marshall is unable to pay for the damages, Marshall would be subjected to a prison

Love. Spare Time Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Love. Spare Time - Case Study ExampleFurther much, many businesses have been seen to make cost leadership their strategy, business such as Wal-Mart get to cost leadership in show to differentiate and maintain their competitive advantage, but Mark does not want to opt for that option either. The fact that no other retailer within a five-mile radius offers the brands being offered by Mark is an edge Mark has over the other retailers if the quality of the brands being offered by him is perceived to be superior by his customers. Even then it is just a matter of time till the growing trend of e-commerce engulfs this point of specialisation of Spare Time Equipment. The facts stated above show that as of now, Spare Time Equipment does not have a sustainable competitive advantage and customers do not come to an outlet just to make friends and build relationships.One thing which Mark has been doing right is to try and differentiate himself on the basis of the benefit Spare Time Equipment provides over other retailers, the tagline We do it right the first time is attention grabbing and has a feel of excellence in business. As mentioned above, intimately of Marks experience has been in the services sector therefore differentiating on the basis of providing good service seems very apt and achievable. However, in order for people to avail the services at Spare Time Equipment it is essential for people to first buy the product for which Mark needs to become more flexible. Some amount of consumer promotion to introduce the product with the customers would do more good to Mark than harm. Promotions of limited time discount offers could be run on the radio spots and print ads which Mark has previously used to create awareness about Spare Time Equipment. This would help increase customer dealing at Spare Time Equipment and then it would be up to the sales staff to seal the deal. If Mark does not want to reduce the price of his

Global Banking Operations and Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Global Banking Operations and Strategy - Essay ExampleThe following ratios ar calculated to evaluate the capital adequacy of RBS (Refer to Appendix 1 for the calculation of ratios) (Bhayani, 2006)From the to a higher place figure it is evident that the CAR of RBS has been fluctuating oer the years. The highest CAR has been 15% (in 2008 and 2012). The capital resources of RBS comprise Tier 1 and Tier 2. Thus, it can be inferred that 15% of capital (Tiers) of RBS is needed for protecting its risk weighted assets in 2012 (Hilbers, Krueger and Moretti, 2000).From the in a higher place figure it can analysed that the debt equity ratio of the bank has decreased over the years from 2008 to 2012. It can be noticed that RBS has been aggressive in 2008 regarding financing. However, the decrease in the debt equity ratio reflects the fact that RBS has become more conservative in financing its capital through debt (Grier, 2007).The asset quality is a vital factor in for gauging the strength of a bank (Pastory and Mutaju, 2013). The main aim is to ensure the component of non-performing asset as percentage of wide asset (Refer to Appendix 2 for the calculation of ratios).The ratio gauges the efficiency of the bank for assessing its credit risk and debt recovery (Wagner and Knaup, 2008). NNPA refers to the loans that are about to become default once the borrower fails to make the sake payment (Godlewski, 2003).From the above figure it is evident that the net performing asset has decreased over the year which means the numbers of customers who are not able to pay the interest have decreased. This reflects the fact that RBS has been performing well over the 5 years (Hoshi, Kashyap. and Scharfstein, 2009).From the above figure it is evident that the bank has concentrated in investing their assets over the years so that they can earn profitable return out of it. However, according to the graph, the total investment has reduced over the years. The decrease in total assets may be predicted as the increase in liabilities for

Fantasy Elements in The Rocking Horse Winner Essay

Fantasy Elements in The Rocking Horse Winner - Essay ExampleHer entire focus is on bills and, as a result, her kids are existence neglected. Through the house taking on the personality of the mother, Lawrence is able to furnish the effect it has on the children and how the mothers mentality influences them. A few sentences later the reader learns that the toys as well as the puppy can hear the voice too. Lawrence writes that even the rocking horse perceive it and the big doll, sitting so pink and smirking in her new pram, could hear it quite plainly (2). Lawrence likely puts this fantasy element in the story to show how much the mothers attitude permeates the house and eventually leads to seemingly unnatural occurrences. After his mother tells him that the way to get money is by being lucky, capital of Minnesota takes her philosophy to heart. He begins to think if he can have luck he can get money and give it to his mother so she can pay off her debts. He desires this because he thinks that once his mother has money, she will stop neglecting him and give him more than attention. Later we learn that the catalyst for Pauls luck is his rocking horse, hence the title, The Rocking Horse Winner. The house and the rocking horse seem to be magically possessed The house is obsessed with getting more money while the rocking horse is obsessed with choosing a winner. Both have the same goal in mind -- making more money. As the house gets more demanding with getting money, Paul becomes obsessed and thinks that if he can just make more money the voices will stop.

Globally relevant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Globally relevant - Essay ExampleDelineating Social Media from Social Networking Since this paper will be dealing with kind networking, it is best to choose social media from social networks. Scrutinizing the technical definition of each may be confusing but to keep it on a laymans take and to understand more of these two concepts, it is best to describe social media as a platform where social networking is only part of the former while the latter(prenominal) is described to require more of self-revelation of ones personal randomness (e.g. Facebook and Twitter). Social media encompasses applications in different categories by characteristic collaborative projects, blogs, content communities, social networking sites, virtual game worlds, and other virtual social worlds ( Kaplan and Haenlein 59). The above is further supported by Moller as he defines Social Media as the character of web-based and wide awake technologies to turn communication into an interactive dialogue. They st ern be defined as a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of the so-called weathervane 2.0, and that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content. It takes many different forms, including online magazines, Internet forums, weblogs, microblogs, wikis, podcasts, images, video, rating, social bookmarking or social networking ( 13). Emergence of Hyperconnectivity Now, looking back around 1950s, man realised how much he was limited to get access to information and communication. Connectivity then was only through the use of walkie-talkie radios, a wired telephone and wireless telegraphy which were only capable to serve a one-on-one exchange of communications. During the old days when there was a need to harness the public for an meeting place to institute a major change, the common traditional practice was to ring huge tower church bells, or any symbolic gong, or use a loud siren heard throughout the community. Go ne are the days of these practices. With this age of computers , the trend was to promote a wireless and paperless society as well as timeliness in the exchange of information, Above all, the launching of Digitization have greatly modernized worlds business, propelled the integration of information and communications technologies to the point of changing societys lifestyles. Dramatically, there was a 360 degree turn-about change in society, government business, commerce, social behaviors and individual psyches from the time that machines began interfacing and step in with mans activities. The overnight success of digitization has revolutionized everything. Digitization is the conversion of information format (whether, text, image, audio or video file) to digital format. This feature do it easier for any information in this form be preserved, accessed and shared. Instead of people going to a specific location to retrieve an original, historical document, the document when digitized can now be made available to people around the world (Janssen 2013). This new feature brought about multiplier effects that led to the advent of a new era called hyperconnectivity (Janssen 2013). Hyperconnectivity can only be served when the

A flying camera or a drone camera Research Paper

A flying camera or a thrusting camera - Research Paper ExampleSergei concentrates more on the bright side of the picture in his characterisation and can be seen proudly promoting his effigy camera. But, he does not talk some serious limitations associated with these cameras which many may be concerned with. This response paper aims to discuss the positive and negative aspects of Sergeis ted talk. It will also explore how much room there is for more improvements in the area of flying cameras with the help of research literature.The applause heard during the video when Sergei uses a small device to raise the camera high up in the air shows how taken the interview is with his demonstration and ideas. Sergei does not simply photograph arrows in thin air, but considers it critically valuable to also give a small demo to validate his talk. This action helps to acutely familiarize the audience with the product which the video is trying to promote. Another positive aspect of the video is that the presenter was lively and energetic. Words flew out of his mouth effortlessly and the points identified were before long discussed, but in an animated fashion. There was a rigor clearly noticeable in the track information was presented to the audience. Overall, it was like going on a riveting ride with the presenter because nothing seemed boring and unimaginative. The presenter digs with acute intelligence into his subject and certain intricate features were prioritized and talked about like what innovations went into the pull of the device. It is implied in the video that these little drones are capable of capturing amazing footage which shows why these things are rapidly becoming todays must-have photo accessories (Kolonia).Also, Sergei encourages his audience to be imaginative and creative in context of different ways in which the prototype camera can be used. Surely, there cannot be one way or one application for this device. For example, it can be used in wildlife f ield work.

Discussion-MODULE 10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion-MODULE 10 - Essay Example-Classic societies in Mesoamerica included the front of jade carvings, engineering genius, complex and perfect signs, the Oto-Manguean language, and the establishment of the 365-day secular calendar and 260-day ritual calendar . Other features included monumental stone heads, and occupation of balsa river basin, which is the origin of the Olmec society Olmec culture.On the other hand, the lecture, textbook, the reading by Diaz del Castillo, and the video Engineering an Empire Aztecs, describes the origins of Aztec society and their rise to power in the Valley of Mexico. Indeed, they concord that the origin of the Aztec is legendary and uncertain but relate their traditions to hunters and gatherers who originated from the northern Mexican plateau before migrating to the Valley of Mexico. The name Aztec originated from the name Aztln that referred to northern Mexico.The Aztec rosiness to power in the Valley of Mexico by forming allies with the pow erful tribes in the Valley of Mexico, brilliant military campaigns, and adopting new technologies to survive in the harsh environment. Ideally, the technological achievements in Tenochtitlan enhanced their gradual accumulation of power by transforming the marshes in the Valley of Mexico into rich agricultural land that improved their economic capacity to fight their rivals. They also used technologies to expand the island and create more spaces for transporting their materials. However, the human sacrifice practice adopted by the Aztec led to their fall since they sacrificed a huge list of their people at once thus deflating their army. The human sacrifice led to the defeat by the Spaniards who later occupied the Mexico City.Moreover, the lecture, textbook, and the reading by Cieza de Leon describe the foothold of Andean society and the rise of the Inca Empire. The use of huge numbers of reluctant draftees defined the basis of Andean society that was fighting the Spaniards. The Inca Empire rose in the 1440s under the

Critical tussle between Democrats and Republicans Essay

Critical tussle between Democrats and Republicans - Essay ExampleIn the recent past, the U.S establishment found itself in a shutdown status. The government shutdown, as Weisman and Jeremy describe, was caused by a critical tussle between democrats and republicans in the congress. This article essentially fits into the critical thinking field of deductive reasoning and/or argument. To become with, deductive arguments begin at a generalized platform, after which valid and logical final results are made from the premises of the argument. This critical thinking approach is applicable to Weisman and Jeremys article.The two authors make a claim that links government shutdown to the budget impasse. The presentation of the claim occurs in a general setting, thusly requiring the deduction of what exactly caused the shutdown with regard to the budget impasse. In this respect, the article explores diverse aspects of the matter, with an aim to show that the government shutdown due to an imp asse that was chiefly budget-based. The standoff between democrats and republicans is discussed and subsequently linked to the issue in question.In light of the argument made in the article, the premise validly and logically informs the conclusion. The cause of the government shutdown was purely budgetary. On the same note, both democrats and republicans were the primary parties in the premise of the argument. Moving from a generalized statement to the valid and logical conclusion of what exactly happened, the article is fundamentally informed by critical thinking concepts.

Arguments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Arguments - Essay ExampleThe beaches in San Diego are beautiful and famous, and the metropolis has several other attractions such as zoo, wild Animal Park, sea World, and Balboa Park with all the museums. Similarly, this beautiful city is distinguished for the availability of world-class goods and services, and it is one of the richest and safest cities in the United States. It is important to realize that Forbes magazine has rated San Diego as the fifth-wealthiest city in the United States and the 9th safest city in the top 10 list of safest cities in the nation. (Clemence) The city was also rated in 2006 as the fifth-best place to live in the United States, and there are several favorable conditions for happy and peaceful living in the city, including the weather, the beaches, opportunities for cultural events, availability of world-class goods and services, etc. Therefore, it is indubitable to song that San Diego is a great place to live in. In a reflective analysis of the favor able conditions to live in San Diego, it becomes evident that the city is blessed with light weather, the beaches, opportunities for cultural events, etc. The weather of the city, which is comfortable year round, is the most important reason to claim that it is a great location for happy living.

Life wk4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Life wk4 - Essay ExampleImagine a vibrant girl nestling who comes into the world who learns to walk early and begins their first words. She does well for the first few years of her life and then she finds out that she was born into a society where girls atomic number 18 not equal to boys. I wonder what that realization does to her psyche and to her development.Another questions comes to mind in thinking about how much we change the way infants think. atomic number 18 we changing the personalities they came into the world with initially? There are many books that tell us about how we develop our personalities. As an example, Roberts (1994) states You form the fabric of your experience though your own beliefs and expectations (p. 16). If this is true, does an infant begin to form their beliefs and expectations as soon as they are born? Does this affect their cognitive development as well as their physical development? Do we push children to develop in certain ways that are against w ho they really are? Do we convince infants to adapt quite than to use their instincts positively? If so, then what are we missing from our infants personality because we have the need to make and shape them so

Globalisation Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Globalisation - Literature review ExampleThis essay attempts to describe globalization process by highlighting, evaluating and analyzing heterogeneous definitions. Globalization is a global process and a revolution concept including economic integration, policy sharing, knowledge sharing, cultural stability, reproduction, semblances and discourses of power or whitethorn sometimes be variously described as a progress, development, stabilization, integration, cooperation or perhaps regression, colonialism and destabilization. Globalization is a concept that requires careful and critical examination since lancinating and enlightening definition boosts perception, is interesting and empowers people with knowledge deemed important in shaping up societys destiny. It is worth noting that most of the intellectual imaginations strike been gripped by the concept of globalization. Scholars and lay circle kick in commonly pursue a perception that globalization is an analytical prerequisite used in appreciating incessantness and adjustment of contemporary society. Presently, the term has really spawned a lot of confrontational and highly intuitive annotation (Dreher, Gaston and Martens 2008, p. 14-17). ... This further signifies the impact of the contemporary social relation and the fact that there is a common and new character shared within the society because of the relevancy and the context of the term to the society. In academic, various disciplines have incorporated the word globalization in their studies and event tried to relate numerous phenomenon with it. Also, it has been applicable in several theoretical approaches as well as political spectrum across the human race thus symbolizing its usefulness in the society (Meerhaeghe 2012, p. 239-45). It is undeniable that the idea of globalization remains absolutely indescribable as it is inescapable and that as much as it means something crucial, surety about what that vital thing is remains unknown. As much it is widely used, it seems that globalization do not have cogent conceptualisation to qualify it being treated as a serious scholarly issue (Dreher, Gaston and Martens 2008, p. 14-17). In fact, the poor conceptualization has borne persistent ambiguity and confusion resulting into a bunch of objectors with suspicious motives or even the notion of intellectual laziness. The current confusion of the term is as a result of failure to engender convincing understanding that do not relate with other concepts as it is evident in some of the definitions including globalization as internalization, liberalization, universalization and westernization. Globalization as Internationalization By terming globalization as internalization it implies enhancement of transactions and interdependence amongst countries and therefore a more global world is characterized by more ideas, information, merchandise, finances and investments. Bishop, Reinke and Adams (2011, p.

International Financial Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Financial Markets - Essay ExampleThe development and the growing trend of the food grocery store are subdivided and depicted with the aid of graphs and charts for analytical review. Obstacles hindering the smooth growth are also dealt with in the paper.International Financial Markets collectively represents the total planetary trade and transaction in the opposed exchange market, international capital or foreign exchange basically refers to an over-the-counter (OTC) market, focusing on international currency trade. (Nature of foreign exchange, 2007) The whole scenario of international trade comprising of imports and exports and the flow of international capital is carried out through the Foreign exchange market. (Foreign Exchange in Economics, 2007) International exchange market is the largest global market place in regard to the monetary value traded, also includes international interbank trading, the exchange among central banks, multinational corporations and ot her international level speculators. The estimated ordinary current global trade rate exceeds US$1.9 trillion/day. (Foreign Exchange Market, 2007)The foreign exchange market is the place where trading of currencies takes place. The foreign exchange market proclaims to be the largest and most volatile market all over the globe. Under the foreign exchange, foreign currency is used for trading and the trade takes place between nations. Price list for the goods or services imported or exported items between countries etc. gets its cash value established from the foreign exchange trade. Bank drafts, bills of exchange, bankers acceptances, and letters of credit etc., could be exchanged at previously agreed rates for settlement of debts. This results in the accumulation of currency surplus, received by way of loan repayments, import-export trade guaranteeing etc., through by the foreign exchange market for its customers. (Foreign exchange in economics, 2007)

English Composition 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

English Composition 1 - Essay ExampleOne hr of active physical activity like walking, swimming or another(prenominal) exercising per day is now recommended by the National Academies Institute of Medicine. It is a half an hour per day more that the previous recommendation advised (half an hour five old age a week). However, even that old goal is hardly reached by many Americans.This fact is related mostly to using cars and labor-saving devices that free slew from long walks and physical activity they had, for example, a century ago. In the modern highly technological and busy world most people spend their days sitting at work, in from of computers or TV sets, and find no time for exercising.Focus, an ability center on, is one of the most important skills of a student. It is so because a revolve aboutd person can complete a piece of work, such as homework or test, faster and more effectively since ones mind is not disturbed by external irritants. Though different people have diffe rent abilities to concentrate, this valuable skill can be conditioned and improved by means of constant practice. One of the methods to reinforce the skill is establishing a rule of having the same time and place to study every day. This, soon, allow become a habit to help one in the studying process. Afterwards one can use an established timer to make oneself concentrate on one particular task for, for instance, fifteen minutes. And, of course, one should reward oneself for each small achievement even the fifteen minutes of focusing on one thing. Finally, with time concentrating becomes a habit, and benefits its owner by the ability to be more attentive during the class or on the test. Therefore, thought the ability to concentrate is extremely important for achieving success in any process, the good thing is that it can be learned and

Geochemistry of natural waters Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Geochemistry of graphic water supplys - Term Paper Example heretofore in that respect a lot of evidence of human regularize that either positively or negatively affect the whole cycle. Therefore in studying geochemistry of natural waters we allow for try to explain how the water cycle, the blot constitutional matters its importance, the behavior of some scandal components and their interactions (Benites, 2005). The geological process involves a series of actions where angry molten material coming to the earths surface from the interior forms igneous rocks which are then broken down by weathering to create soil and the sedimentary rocks. The geologic cycle is a collective term used to describe complex interactions between component sub-cycles of the tectonic, hydrologic and biological cycling of elements. These sub-cycles will influence each other and in the end result to natural hazards and other processes which may be important to the environmental geology e. g ground water flow. estate Chemistry and soil fertility Soil Chemistry Soil being the top layer of the earths crust supports the growth of some fundamental matter and is made up of components such as pH, nutrient level plus the organic content which in the end determines the type of the soil (Regina, 2006). However the factors listed above will either vary depending on the type of crop which grows in that soil type and within a given geographic location. These factors will result to different soil quality types and the soil quality croup be best determined by conducting soil test. Soil can be modified to suit other purposes such as farming. This can be done in several ways such as liming. This is the use of linden powder that will be spread on the soil to alter the pH of the soil. This is made possible because of the presence of Calcitic limestone (CaCo3) (Tan, 2011). This is usually a undecomposed source of Calcium and neutralizes the soil acidity. For plants survival there are nutrients t o facilitate the growth the three most important being Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen which can be obtained in large quantities from the atmosphere and water surrounding the plant that is ground water. Therefore the ground water plays a big role in the whole cycle. Soil chemistry began with early observations by experimenters. The first study was by J. Thomas. With time came to prove that, it is indeed true that soils can retain cations in exchange for equal amount of Calcium (Ca2+) ions (Tan, 2011). Soil Fertility With the term soil fertility we refer to that situation where a given type of soil is very rich in nutrients such as potassium nitrogen and phosphorous which are requirements for plant nutrition. With it also would be sufficient minerals and soil organic matter (Cuevas, 1994). The mineral traces are majorly for plant nutrition while the organic matter helps to improve the soil structure and enable the soil retain more than moisture. Fertile soils have a good soil structure, facilitating proper drainage. However some soils are known to be wetter and retain more water content than others. Soil formation in itself is a very long process and can take up to 100-10000 years for a single butt on to be formed. This can be attributed to several factors such as climate, topography living organisms and most important is the parent material. The parent material result from the breakdown of rocks or from the deposits by

Type of Business, Purpose, Ownership and Influence Essay Example for Free

Type of Business, Purpose, Ownership and Influence EssayDescribe the type of business, purpose and monomania of contrasting organisations. TESCO PLC Tesco plc. (Public limited company) is a global grocery and general merchandise retailer, headquartered in Cheshunt in the United Kingdom. Tesco is the third largest retailer in the world, measured by revenues and the second largest, measured by profit. Tesco has around 5380 stores around the world David Reid is the chairman and Philip Clarke.Most of the people think that Tesco is an international business however Tesco is defined as a global business because as mentioned before, it has a large number of stores in 14 countries across Asia, Europe and North America. Tesco is in the tertiary sector and is the leader grocery market leader in the UK it has a market sh argon of 30%. It excessively is the market leader in Malaysia, Republic of Ireland and Thailand. Tescos avouchership is based in a lot of shareholders. Dagenham Park Leisure warmheartednessDagenham Park Leisure concentrate on is a public organisation, which means that is own by the government, in this case Barking Dagenham council. As we can see from the name it is located in Dagenham and its a local organisation and is part of the tertiary sector. The main purpose of this organisation is to offer the local community facilities such as a fitness suite, a dance studio, a meeting room, a sports hall, a climbing wall and much more facilities so people can practice different types of sports, dance and even hire rooms to channelise meetings. . Describe the different stakeholders who influence the purpose of these contrasting organisations. TESCO PLC In Tesco we can identify different stakeholders such as vestors/shareholders (owners), customers, employees, suppliers and financiers. Investors/shareholders are very big stakeholders in Tesco as they are the owners and will obviously want it to do well because otherwise they will non make a profi t. Without investors/shareholders there wouldnt be any funds, so Tesco would be able to carry on as a business.Also if Tesco isnt making profit, the investors/shareholders will have to trade in their shares and invest in other business that will give them profit with this, Tescos shares could decrease and if they decrease a lot, Tesco could go bankrupt and this would be bad for everyone, customers, employees, suppliers and financiers. The customers are also very important. Tesco care most businesses need their customers because they are the businesses income as the customers are the people who buy Tescos products.The customers are a bit like a pressure group because they apply pressure to Tesco to meet their needs. Meeting the customers needs can be things such as expanding their stores or giving more admixture on certain products. Basically, a customer wants quality goods at a low cost. They would also want a variety of products to choose from and it is Tesco responsibility to p rovide them what they want otherwise if Tesco doesnt respond to the customers needs in a positive way, Tesco office lose their customers and this will detriment the business and the shareholders wont be very happy with this.The employees are the people who Tesco pays to provide service. Tesco need to provide their employees with good working conditions, reasonable hours and extend them fairly because otherwise the employees will not be happy at their job which could lead to them resigning. If Tesco employees start resigning for negative reasons then word could overspread that Tesco have bad working conditions and that employees of Tesco are not treated fairly meaning Tesco may find it hard to find skilled staff.Suppliers are important to Tesco because they supply Tesco with the goods to sell. The suppliers will want good money for the goods they supply to Tesco this is the reason wherefore suppliers will have an concern in Tesco because they will want their products to sell w ell. If particular products dont sell well in the Tesco stores Tesco might decide that it is not beneficial to them to buy these items any more resulting in the suppliers not making any profits. Financers such as are important because they lend money to Tesco to make there expansion of the business possible.By expanding the stores more interest in Tesco is created. By doing this, more customers will shop there when the expansion is completed meaning Tesco will make more profits. Dagenham Park Leisure nub The local community will have a huge impact, because if there arent any individuals paying for using the facilities, there wont be any profit for the business, so they have to provide good service and quality facilities so the community will be satisfied, the other reason why the local community is mportant is because the leisure centre was aimed for them, so if they dont make use of it, the purpose of the organisation wont be accomplished. The employees are very important, because the management in Leisure eye is vital. The employees will get paid to provide services of all types (laundries, dance teaching, personal trainers, managers, etc. ). They also have to be provided will good working conditions, so they will be satisfied, otherwise they will resign and it will prejudice the Leisure centralize as there wont be anyone to provide services to the community.Barking Dagenham council is a very important stakeholder, as they are part of the government they are funding the Leisure Centre and they will want that the Leisure Centre makes good profit and provides good service for the community. If it is the other way around, the Council might disgrace facilities or even close the Leisure Centre due to the costs and if it happens it will affect the community as they will lose the facilities the Leisure Centre was providing and will also affect the employees as they will lose their jobs and become unemployed .Suppliers are important to the Leisure Centre becaus e they supply the Leisure Centre with the goods for the restaurant and not only. The suppliers will want good money for the goods they supply this is the reason why suppliers will have an interest in Leisure Centre because they will want their products to sell well, so they can keep selling their products to the Leisure Centre.If particular products dont sell well, Leisure Centre might decide that it is not beneficial to them to buy these items any more resulting in the suppliers not making any profits. Trade unions might have an impact of a Leisure Centre. Many employees in the public sector belong to Trade Unions, so if the Government tries to fire an employee that belongs to a Trade Union, the Trade Union might get involved and it might even go to court, this can influence that the Government keeps their employees for longer.

Love in Pride and Prejudice Essay Example for Free

Love in Pride and Prejudice EssayMarriage in England in the nineteenth century is much different than it is in todays world. Almost every genius wants to marry for cheat and happiness. During this period of time, beautiful women would marry a man because he is rich or the opposite. A refined looking man would marry a woman because she comes from wealth. Love is left out of these brotherhoods. Some thought they would soon develop love along the years. Mrs. white avenss main priority throughout the book was to make sure here five daughters were married to a rich suitor. Money was the main concerns for her non love.Her marriage was based on the principle of monetary gain. She thought her daughters would not be able to survive if they remained unmarried. For any woman of her time marriage on any terms was often the only get off from a miserable life of poverty. Elizabeth did not want to marry for money. She wanted to marry for love. She turned her kickoff proposal down from Mr. Collins because she had no feelings for him. Elizabeth shows a lot of pride throughout the book. Even though her family was not of upper class, she still held her head proud with pride.She is a middle class woman who wants to be treated the same by every one no matter who it is. She believes herself to be good generous for any man. When she first meets Mr. Darcy, she says that he is very attractive. Prejudice blinds her and leads to false opinions of Mr. Darcy. She overhears him say, She is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me. Darcy is very blinded by his indifferent standards. Jane Bennet and Mr. Bingley are happy when they are together. Mrs. Bennet was so sure they would marry within months.They were so shocked to hear that he had left town so suddenly. Mr. Darcy breaks them up before their relationship could get as far as marriage. He didnt honestly believe that Jane was truly in love with his good friend Mr. Bingley. Elizabeth believes that he did this because o f his prejudice for the lower class. Mr. Darcy believed that Jane was only after his money. Jane is very broken up over Mr. Bingley leaving town. They both loved one another. Mr. Darcy later writes a letter to Elizabeth, explaining the real reason why he broke them up.After reading his letter, she begins to understand the pride that Mr. Darcy has for himself. This is where she begins to have feelings for him. Her youngest sister Lydia runs away and marries Mr. Wickham. Soon Jane and Mr. Bingley reunite and he proposes to her. Elizabeth finds out that Mr. Darcy had bribed Mr. Wickham to marry her sister. She soon realizes Mr. Darcy isnt a bad soul after all. He is a great person and a romantic at heart. After his second proposal to Elizabeth she agrees to marry him, not for money but for love. Happiness does not come from a marriage based on money.

Product Life Cycle Stages Essay Example for Free

Product Life rhythm method of birth control defends EssayAs consumers, we buy millions of products every(prenominal) year. And just like us, these products have a life cycle. Older, long-established products eventually become less popular, while in contrast, the demand for sensitive, to a greater extent modern goods usually increases sooner rapidly after they are launched. Because most companies understand the different product life cycle stages, and that the products they sell all have a limited lifespan, the bulk of them will invest heavily in new product development in order to make sure that their businesses continue to grow. Product Life Cycle Stages ExplainedThe product life cycle has 4 very clearly defined stages, each with its own characteristics that mean different things for business that are trying to fake the life cycle of their particular products. Introduction Stage This stage of the cycle could be the most expensive for a company launching a new product. The size of the market for the product is small, which means sales are low, although they will be increasing. On the other hand, the cost of things like research and development, consumer testing, and the marketing needful to launch the product can be very high, especially if its a competitive sector. Growth Stage The growth stage is typically characterized by a strong growth in sales and wampums, and because the company can start to benefit from economies of scale in production, the profit margins, as well as the overall amount of profit, will increase.This makes it possible for businesses to invest more money in the promotional activity to maximize the potential of this growth stage. Maturity Stage During the maturity stage, the product is established and the aim for the manufacturer is now to maintain the market share they have built up. This is probably the most competitive judgment of conviction for most products and businesses need to invest wisely in any marketing they under take. They also need to consider any product modifications or improvements to the production make for which might give them a competitive advantage.Decline Stage Eventually, the market for a product will start to shrink, and this is whats known as the go down stage. This shrinkage could be due to the market becoming saturated (i.e. all the customers who will buy the product have already purchased it), or because the consumers are transposition to a different type of product. While this decline may be inevitable, it may still be possible for companies tomake some profit by switching to less-expensive production methods and cheaper markets.Product Life Cycle ExamplesIts possible to provide examples of various products to illustrate the different stages of the product life cycle more clearly. Here is the example of watching recorded television and the various stages of each method1. Introduction 3D TVs2. Growth Blueray discs/DVR3. Maturity DVD4. Decline telly cassetteThe idea of the product life cycle has been around for some time, and it is an important principle manufacturers need to understand in order to make a profit and stay in business. However, the key to successful manufacturing is not just understanding this life cycle, but also proactively managing products throughout their lifetime, applying the appropriate resources and sales and marketing strategies, depending on what stage products are at in the cycle.

Using Ventricular Assist Devices Policies and Procedures

Using Ventricular Assist Devices Policies and ProceduresSection 1 USING VADsII-1 Policy (Section 1) A. Excepting emergencies, newly set(p) external or ingrained vascular access devices, placement must be confirmed by x-ray prior to infusing any medications or solutions. Note lines inserted into the femoral venous demarcation vessel do not require chest x-ray.B. Administration mark offs connected to a VAD must be cleaned and prepped using alcohol anywhere along the administration set where entry is made, using a friction scrub for 15 seconds.If the patient displays symptoms of infection (i.e. febrile, chilling, or has drainage from the VAD exit site), blood and/or site cultures assume to be obtained. A physician differentiate is required.C. Emergency care of the VAD holds all of the following1. Notify the physician immediately to obtain order(s) if a VAD is cracked, leaking, or has a hole. Clamp the VAD between the site of the defect and the exit site. Clamping must be done at raumatically either with a p populateic clamp or with a coat clamp padded with gauze.2. If the VAD Dacron cuff protrudes from the exit site, secure the VAD with tape and notify the physician.3. If symptoms of VAD infiltration occur (i.e. edema of the neck, chest, back or abdomen, or shortness of breath), break out the infusion and call the physician immediately.D. For patients who are being treated with antibiotics for sepsis or r/o sepsis, antibiotics ought to be rotated to each lumen of a multi-lumen VAD at least every 24 hours, if possible, i.e. it is optimal to rotate each antibiotic dose, or minimally every 24 hours, until blood cultures are negative for 72 hours. (See Reference Below to II-1-D)E. All central venous access devices which are Present on Admission (POA) or inserted with the intent of the patient being action with the device, e.g., hemodialysis, chemotherapy, long term antibiotic therapy, etc. do not require daily validation of medical necessity, but should be i nspected for signs and symptoms of infection.All other substitution venous devices shall be evaluated for medical necessity on a daily basis.Section 2 OBTAINING SPECIMENS FROM VADsII 2 policy (Section 2) Medical CenterA. uninspired technique is to be employ when obtaining laboratory specimens from any type of Vascular Access Devices (VAD).B. Drawing blood from a VAD is performed only by a pass healthcare professional within their scope of practice using needle-free devices when obtaining or transferring specimens.C. Specimens must be labeled in the presence of the patient and must include patient name, medical record number, date of birth, visit number (for Medical Center only), and date and time of specimen collection. Write the first initial and last name of the person who collected the specimen on the label.Vascular Access Device (VAD), External and Implanted, Catheter Care Page 3 of 17D. Labs requiring a morose top anticoagulant tube (such as PT/PTT/INR or other clotting studies) should be careworn peripherally. In those instances in which these studies must be drawn through the VAD, this specimen should be the last specimen drawn.E. Syringes less than 10 ml are not to be used when flushing a VAD in order to avoid causing excessive pressure or fracture to the VAD.F. When drawing from a child less than two years of age, a stopcock is used to maintain a closed system and the discard blood is returned to the child within 60 seconds.G. To prevent over-heparinizing a pediatric patient, no more than 50units/kg should be given within a four-hour interval. If flushing does exceed this amount, an MD order should be obtained and individualized for that patient.H. For multi-lumen VADs When drawing labs from one lumen, clamp other lumen(s) for duration of the blood draw, even if other lumen(s) is heparin locked. This prevents blood from possibly being introduced into second lumen when heparin locked. It also prevents possible contamination of lab specimen if unruffled is infusing in second lumen.I. Heparin for routine VAD flushes requires an order in both inpatient and outpatient settings. The dosing and frequency guidelines are found on Attachment C of this policy.II-4 POLICY (Section 4) A. An RN who has demonstrated competency in this procedure whitethorn perform needle insertion, site care, and needle removal of an implanted Vascular Access Device.B. The surgeon will access the port in the operating room on newly placed ports.C. Sterile technique must be utilized when accessing the implanted VAD.D. Only a 90-degree safety non-coring needle is used to access implanted VADs. Needles are changed every seven days. The recommended non-coring needle sizes for both adult and pediatric patients is 19-22 gauge, 3/4 1. Blood or more viscous solutions require a lower gauge needle. Needle length is dependent upon the amount of hypodermic tissue and depth of port. Do not access port if area is blistered or there are signs/symptoms of infecti on.E. Post-op dressings can be removed 24 hours post-op (unless request otherwise by physician). Steri-strips at insertion site should remain in place for 7-10 days.F. Implanted VAD site dressing changes are to be done at once a week, with the needle change, or whenever it becomes loose, wet, or soiled.G. A heparin-locked non-coring needle may remain inserted for seven days for intermittent IV infusions. If a non-coring needle was placed and the patient does not require therapy, the needle must be removed by an RN prior to the patient being discharged home.H. Topical anesthetics may be used to help minimize the pain of needle insertion.

Childhood Maltreatment and Diabetes Relationship

kidhood Maltreatwork forcet and Diabetes RelationshipStudy RationaleThe primary goal of this muse is to conduct an empirical investigation of the association betwixt an first intent examineor such as childhood revilement and subsequent diagnosis of casing II diabetes in freehandedhood. This need will specifically explore if a relationship exists surrounded by the type and severity of childhood maltreatment encountered and participants diabetes-related quality of flavour. To provide a context for the current athletic field, background literature focusing on two dimensions that have received considerable attention in the psychological literature is initial thoroughly reviewed definition and effects of childhood maltreatment and the biopsychosocial aspect of causa II diabetes. The current studys purpose, hypotheses, method, and selective in createation analytic strategy will then be proposed.Background InformationChildhood MaltreatmentChildhood maltreatment refers to, whatever act or series of acts of commission or omission by a p atomic number 18nt or opposite caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child (Centers for Disease Control CDC, n.d., para. 1). In their report, Child Maltreatment Surveillance, Leeb, Paulozzo, Melanson, Simon, Arias (2007) defined acts of commission as deliberate and intentional use of words or actions that cause harm, potential harm, or threat of harm to a child. Examples of acts of commission embarrass forcible, sexual, and/or psychological horror. Acts of omission, on the other hand, are the failure to provide for a childs basic physical, frantic, or educational needs or to protect a child from harm (Leeb et al., 2007). Thus, acts of omission include physical, randy, medical checkup, or educational neglect, the failure to supervise or insufficient supervision, and/or exposure to a violent environment.According to the most recent publication by the U.S. Department of Health a nd Human Services (USDHHS) on childhood maltreatment, an estimated 905,000 children were determined to be victims of abuse or neglect (USDHHS, 2006). Specifically, 64.2 percent of child victims experienced neglect, 16.0 percent were physically treat, 8.8 percent were sexually abused, and 6.6 percent were emotionally or psychologically maltreated. The report put forwards that order of victimization by maltreatment type have fluctuated only slightly during the past several years.The long-term consequences of child maltreatment are world-shaking and include the risk of alterations of brain structure and function, sexual risk taking behaviors, eating disorders, suicidal intent and behavior, lower self-esteem, adjustment problems, internalizing problems (i.e. anxiety and depressive disorders), externalizing problems (i.e. personality disorders and substance abuse), adult trauma, continuation of intergenerational violence and/or neglect, and knowledgeal and cognitive disabilities (A nda, Felitti, Bremner, Walker, Whitfield, Perry, Dube, Giles, 2006 Arata, Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Bowers, OFarrill-Swails, 2005 Bardone-Cone, Maldonado, Crosby, Mitchell, Wonderlich, Joiner, Crow, Peterson, Klein, Grange, 2008 Johnson, Sheahan, Chard, 2003 Kaplow Widom, 2007 Kaslow, Okun, Young, Wyckoff, Thompson, Price, Bender, Twomey, Golding, Parker, 2002 Lewis, Jospitre, Griffing, Chu, Sage, Madry, Primm, 2006 Medrano, Hatch, Zule, Desmond, 2002 Smith, 1996 Sobsey, 2002 Taft, Marshall, Schumm, Panuzio, Holtzworth-Munroe, 2008). A consistent relationship between abuse history and poorer overall health has also been demo in a stratified, epidemiological audition of both men and women within the United States (Cromer and Sachs-Ericsson, 2006).Childhood Maltreatment and Physical Health ProblemsA consistent dose-relationship between abuse history, poorer overall health, and sustained losses in health-related quality of life has been well baseed (Cromer Sachs-Ericsson, 200 6 Golding, 1994 Corso, Edwards, Fange, Mercy, 2008). Childhood sexual abuse has been associated with physical complaints such as migraine, irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia, and continuing pain (Goldberg, Pachas, Keith, 1999 Goodwin, Hoven, Murison, Hotopf, 2003 Ross, 2005 Walker, Keegan, Gardner, Sullivan, Bernstein, Katon, 1997). Further more(prenominal), using selective information from the National Corbidity Study, a nationally representative general tribe study, Arnow (2004) free-base that abused children were apt(predicate) to have pelvic and musculoskeletal pain as adults, and utilize health care services at a greater proportion in adulthood. However, a major limitation of these studies is exclusion of emotional and/or psychological abuse experienced in childhood. specially, results regarding the incidence of types of childhood maltreatment and diabetes have been mixed.DiabetesDiabetes is a chronic disease characterized by the deficiency or resistance to insuli n, a hormone needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy needed for daily living. As such, insulin deficiency compromises the body tissues access to essential nutrients for fuel or storage. According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), there are 23.6 million children and adults in the United States, or 7.8% of the population, who have diabetes, many of which unaware that they have the disease (ADA, n.d., para. 2).Diabetes occurs in two primary forms. cause I diabetes is characterized by absolute deficiency and typically occurs forrader the age of 30. Type II diabetes, however, is typified by insulin resistance with varying degrees of deficiencies in the bodys ability to secrete insulin. Sedentary lifestyle and diet have been linked to the culture of Type II diabetes. Other risk factors for this type of diabetes include corpulency, pregnancy, metabolic syndrome, and various medications. Physiologic and emotional try out has also been thought to play a ke y role in the development of Type II diabetes specifically. Prolonged elevation of stress hormones, namely cortisol, glucagon, epinephrine, and growth hormone, maturations blood glucose levels, which in turn places adjoin demands on the pancreas. Such stress ultimately leads to the inability of the pancreas to keep up with the bodys need for insulin and high levels of glucose and insulin circulate in the bloodstream, setting the stage for Type II diabetes (Diseases, 2006).Role of Stress in the attack of Diabetes Animal StudiesResearchers have found that both a history and presence of existing stressors play a significant role in the onset and course of diabetes. Through the use of animal studies, seekers have been able to prospectively test the influence of stress on both types of diabetes. For example, Lehman, Rodin, McEwen, and Brinton (1991) investigated whether an environmental challenge promoted the expression of diabetes in bio-breeding rats. Researchers introduced a tri ad of stressors to the animals over a 14-week period, including rotation of the cage, vibration, and restraint in individual containers. They found that the administration of these stressors repeatedly increase the likelihood of the rats developing Type I diabetes as indicated by elevated blood sugar levels (Lehman et al., 1991).One of the first observations that stress could contribute to the expression of Type II diabetes was made during metabolic studies of the native North African sand rat (psammonys obesus). Once fed with laboratory chow and allowed to become obese, the North African sand rat will eventually develop Type II diabetes in response to an environmental stressor (Surwit, Schenider, Feinglos, 1992). Notably, Mikat, Hackel, Cruz, and Lebowitz (1972) administered an esophageal intubation of saline in an exploit to control the dietary intake of the sand rat. This tube feeding resulted in an alteration of glucose tolerance and comed the onset of Type II diabetes in the se rats. Similar research was done on the genetically obese (ob/ob) mouse, which is used as a prototype of Type II diabetes in humans because of its pattern of obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance (Surwit, Feinglos, Livingston, Kuhn, McCubbin, 1984). To study the effects of environmental stress and sympathetic nervous system arousal on plasma glucose in ob/ob mice, Surwit et al. (1984) designed two experimental conditions. In the first condition, 15 ob/ob mice were shaken in their cage at a rate of 200 strokes per minute for five minutes. In the second condition, 16 ob/ob mice were injected with epinephrine bitartrate, a chemical whose effects mimic those of the stress response. Plasma glucose levels in mice from both conditions were found to be significantly elevated. The researchers concluded that environmental stress was partially responsible for the expression of the diabetic phenotype in this animal model of diabetes.Role of St ress in the Onset of Diabetes Human StudiesData cooperateed on the impact of life events on Types I diabetes in a human sample has yielded inconsistent results. An early study by Grant, Kyle, Teichman, and Mendels (1974) examined the relationship between the occurrence of life events and the course of illness in a conference of 37 diabetic patients. Using Holmes and Rahes Schedule of recent Events (SRE), a scale in which 43 significant recent life events are assigned a numeric value of life change units as a measurement of life stress, Grant et al. (1974) found that of the 26 participants who had a compulsory correlation between undesirable life events and illness, 24 had a positive correlation between undesirable events scores and diabetic condition. This data suggests that negative events were primarily responsible between life events and changes in diabetic condition since the comprehension of neutral and positive events did not increase the magnitude of the correlations. D espite the significant results, this study had a number of limitations, including the manipulation of a small sample size, bar in establishing reliable criteria for assessing subtle changes in the diabetic condition, lack of sufficient time to elapse between assessments for significant life changes to occur, and the lack of delineation of the types of diabetes analyse (i.e. Type I vs. II).However, in a more recent meta-analysis, Cosgrove (2004) found no evidence to subscribe the hypothesis that life events cause or precipitate Type I diabetes. Using an electronic and manual literature search of appropriate key words (namely, diabetes and depression, diabetes and depressive, diabetes and life events, diabetes and stress) in the literature up to July 2003, Cosgrove (2004) aimed to establish whether there might be a link between depression, stress, or life events and the onset of Type I diabetes. A total of nine paper were found from the electronic and manual search. It was conclu ded that when the number and severity of life events was compared to controls in all nine reviewed studies, no differences were detected in the diabetics (Cosgrove, 2004). Though data from small, older studies and large, randomized studies showed that early losses in childhood increase the risk of developing Type I diabetes, no evidence was found to support the hypothesis that life events cause or precipitate this diagnosis. Meta-analyses with more recent studies have not been found studying the relationships between trying life events in both types of diabetes. As such, it is unknown whether links have since been found by other researchers.More consistent evidence was found supporting the notion that stressful circumstances precipitate Type II diabetes. In their study of environmental stress on Type II diabetics, McCleskey, Lewis, and Woodruff (1978) measured glucagon and glucose levels on 25 patients who were undergoing elective surgery, a physical stressor. Ten samples were obta ined during pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative periods for each patient. It was found that throughout the sampling period, diabetic patients had two times the amount of glucagon (a hormone produced by the pancreas that stimulates the increase of blood sugar levels) in their body compared to their non-diabetic counterparts (McCleskey, Lewis, Woodruff, 1978).This effect was also found in Pima Indians, who have an approximately 60% go on of eventually developing Type II diabetes, compared with 5% of the albumen population (Surwit, Schenider, Feinglos, 1992). The effects of a simple arithmetic task on blood glucose levels were studied in both Caucasian and Pima Indian samples. Surwit, McCubbin, Feinglos, Esposito-Del Puente, and Lillioja (1990) found that blood glucose was consistently higher during and following the stressful task in ten of 13 Pima Indians, concluding that altered glycemic responsivity to behavioral stressors anticipates the development of Type II d iabetes in individuals who are genetically predisposed to the disease (Surwit et al., 1990).Results from The Hoorn Study further illustrated the effects of stress on Type II diabetes. Mooy, De Vries, Grootenhuis, Boutner, and Heine (2000) examine data from a large population-based survey of 2,262 adults in the Netherlands upon which the researchers were able to explore whether chronic stress is positively associated with the prevalence of Type II diabetes. Analysis of data confirmed their hypothesis a high number of rather common major life events that are correlated with chronic psychological stress, such as closing of a spouse or relocation of residence, were indeed found to correspond to a significantly higher percentage of undetected diabetes (Mooy et al., 2000). Because the study was conducted in the Netherlands on a Caucasian, middle-aged population, it is uncertain whether these findings are generalizable to other demographics in different geographic regions.Childhood Maltr eatment and DiabetesThus far, with the exception of one study, the research discussed has demonstrated a positive correlation between a variety of recent or current environmental stressors, such as anesthesia, surgery, cognitive tasks, death of a loved one, and other significant losses, and the onset of Type I and/or II diabetes in animals and human beings. However, the literature is somewhat limited as to the relationship between a past environmental stressor, namely childhood maltreatment, and Type II diabetes in adulthood.Numerous researchers examined the prevalence of medical problems in abused populations and have reported that diabetes is one of the most common health conditions among those who have experienced maltreatment. For example, using data drawn from the National Comorbidity Study conducted in the early 1990s, Sachs-Ericsson, Blazer, Plant, and Arnow (2005) examined the independent effects of childhood sexual and physical abuse on adult health status in a large commun ity sample of 5,877 men and women. Sachs-Ericsson et al. (2005) found that childhood sexual and physical abuse was associated with the one-year prevalence of serious health problems for both men and women. Specifically, participants who experienced any form of childhood abuse were more likely to report having a medical condition, including AIDS, arthritis, asthma, bronchitis, cancer, diabetes, high blood pressure, kidney or liver disease, neurological problems, stroke, gastrointestinal disorders, or any other serious health problem (Sachs-Ericsson et al., 2005). Though data from this epidemiological study likely represents the U.S. demographics, a number of limitations exist. Specifically, the researchers did not report the prevalence of each disorder endorsed and thus, the actual incidence of diabetes in the population sample is unknown. Furthermore, Sachs-Ericsson et. al (2005) did not look at additional forms of maltreatment, such as verbal abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect.Sim ilarly, Walker, Gelfand, Katon, Koss, Von Korff, Bernstein, and Russo (1999) found a significant association between childhood maltreatment and adverse adult health outcomes. In particular, the researchers administered a survey to 1,225 women randomly selected from the social rank of a large HMO in Washington State. Results indicated that women with childhood maltreatment histories were more likely to have an increased number of physician-coded ICD-9 diagnoses, collectioned together as high blood pressure, diabetes, dermatitis, asthma, allergy, acne, and abnormal menstrual bleeding. Though the group of women in this study who reported threshold levels of sexual maltreatment had the poorest health outcomes, a major limitation of this study is the uncertainty as to whether additional forms of maltreatment were concomitantly experienced. Specifically, the authors do not establish whether sexual abuse solely was the cause of poorer health or is largely callable to multiple forms of m altreatment in girls who were not properly protected in their early families. Moreover, Walker et al. (1999) do not differentiate between types of diabetes.Gender differences have been established in the association between physical abuse in childhood and overall health problems in adulthood. Analysis of data from 16,000 individuals interviewed in the National Violence Against Women Survey found that female abuse victims were at greater risk for health problems than their male counterparts (Thompson, Kingree, Desai, 2004). Furthermore, women with maltreatment history black market to have more distressing physical experiences, have an increased number of physician-coded diagnoses, and were more likely to engage in multiple health risk behaviors, including obesity a significant risk factor associated with Type II diabetes (Trickett, Putnam, Noll, 2005 Walker, Gelgand, Katon, Koss, Von Korff, Bernstein, Russo, 1999). Moreover, sexual irreverence history throughout ones lifespan w as also associated with chronic disease (i.e. diabetes, arthritis, and physical disability) in a sample of women from Los Angeles (Golding, 1994). Conversely, in their sample of 680 primary care patients, Norman, Means-Christensen, Craske, Sherbourne, Roy-Byrne, and beer mug (2006) found that the experience of trauma significantly increased the odds of arthritis and diabetes for men, era trauma was associated with increased odds for digestive disorders and cancer in women. Although the data suggests that childhood maltreatment is related to adverse health outcomes in adulthood, they do not address as to why associations differed by gender.Analyzing data from the Midlife Development in the United States Survey (MIDUS), Goodwin and Weisberg (2002) sought to determine the association between childhood emotional and physical abuse and the odds of self-reported diabetes among adults in the general population. Their results revealed that self-reported diabetes occurred in 4.8% of its rep resentative sample of 3,032 adults aged 25-74 years. Childhood abuse was associated with significantly increased odds of self-reported diabetes, which persisted afterwards adjusting for differences in socio-demographic characteristics and mental health status (Goodwin Weisberg, 2002). Moreover, individuals who specifically reported maternal emotional abuse and maternal physical abuse had significantly higher rate of diabetes (Goodwin Weisberg, 2002).Furthermore, data gathered from a sample of 130 patients (65 abused, 65 non-abused controls) drawn from an adult primary-care practice in a small, affluent, predominantly Caucasian community in northern New England revealed that patients with a history of victimization were more likely to report diabetes or endorse symptoms of this illness than non-abused participants (Kendall-Tackett Marshall, 1999). Specifically, cardinal patients in the abused group reported diabetes, with none in the control group. Interestingly, those patients in the abused group did not have a significantly higher family history of diabetes than those in the non-abused group and a higher percentage of patients in the abused group reported having three of more symptoms than did those in the control group. Kendall-Tackett and Marshall (1999) assert that although only four people identified themselves as having diabetes, this number should be interpreted in the broader context of incidence of diabetes in the general population. Nonetheless, this finding could have been due to chance and many of the symptoms endorsed could have been related to other diseases (Kendall-Tackett Marshall, 1999). Additional limitations include the failure to differentiate between the types of abuse endured and the use of a non-empirically validated measure to gather data. Furthermore, the researchers did not specify which type of diabetes the participants were diagnosed with and did not indicate the severity of the disease.Data from the Adverse Childhood Experie nces Study (ACE), however, found alternative results. Researchers Felliti, Anda, Nordenberg, Williamson, Spitz, Edwards, Koss, and Marks (1998) mailed questionnaires round adverse childhood experiences to 9,508 adults who had completed a standardized medical evaluation at a large HMO in California. It was found that abuse and other types of household dysfunction were significantly related to the number of disease conditions, with the exception of diabetes. Specifically, when those who had experienced multiple forms of childhood maltreatment were compared to those with no experiences, the odds-ratio for the presence of diabetes was a non-significant 1.6 (Felliti et al., 1998). The researchers call back that their estimates of the long-term relationship between adverse childhood experiences and adult health are conservative. Specifically, it is likely that, consistent with well-documented longitudinal follow-up studies, that reports of childhood abuse were underestimated due to the premature mortality in persons with multiple adverse childhood exposures (Felliti et al., 1998).Similarly, in a sample of 1,359 community-dwelling men and women aged 50 years or older, Stein and Barrett-Connor (2000) found no relationship between sexual assault history in participants lifetime and reported rates of diabetes. Rather, a history of sexual assault was associated with an increased risk of arthritis and breast cancer in women and thyroid disease in men (Stein Barrett-Connor, 2000). In this study, the researchers posit that the possibility of response bias is a major limitation. Namely, Stein and Barrett-Connor (2000) consider the likelihood that previously assaulted respondents have a greater tendency to visit doctors, leading to the increased opportunities for health conditions to be detected. Additional limitations include the lack of consideration for other types of abuse encountered in childhood.The Link between Childhood Maltreatment and DiabetesThe above findings p rovide support for the hypothesis that childhood maltreatment whitethorn be associated with increased likelihood of the diagnosis of a medical condition, with the inclusion of diabetes in some studies. An essential question posed by this observation is by what mechanisms are adverse childhood experiences linked to health risk behaviors and adult diseases? A number of researchers have found that psychological stress, in particular, has been associated with the onset of Type II diabetes. This impact of stress on the etiology and course of Type II diabetes can be considered via the metabolic pathways by kernel of obesity and/or activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the gene-environment interaction, and the correlation of coping with diabetes and stressors.The stress response is a physiological coping response that involves the HPA axis, the sympathetic nervous system, the neurotransmitter system, and then insubordinate system. There is growing evidence that vic tims of various forms of abuse and stressors often experience biological changes, particularly in the neuroendocrine system implicated in the stress response, as well as the brain (Glaser, 2000 Goenjian, Pynoos, Steinberg, Endres, Abraham, Geffner, Fairbanks, 2003 King, Mandansky, King, Fletcher, Brewer, 2001 McEwen, 2000). The HPA axis is the primary mechanism studied in the literature on the neurobiology of stress and is estimated through the non-invasive measurement of cortisol in saliva samples. During psychological stress, cortisol is elevated beyond normal levels in response to adrenocorticotropic hormone from the pituitary, mobilizing energy stores, and facilitating behavioral responses to threat (Diseases, 2006). In the presence of prolonged stress, especially in which the individual has difficulty coping, this physiological response whitethorn occur to an atypical extent and prove harmful. Dienstbier (1989) asserts that prolonged and/or extreme stress can create a vicious cycle of pathology, as individuals with a history of abuse may become even more vulnerable in the face of new victimization because they become threat-sensitized, resulting in either an over- or under- response of the HPA system to new stressors. As Vaillancourt, Duku, Decatanzaro, Macmillan, Muir, and Schmidt (2008) cite, this process is best illustrated by Cicchetti and Rogoschs (2001) study of maltreated children attending a summer day camp. These authors found that in comparison to non-abused children, children who had been both sexually and physically abused, in addition to emotionally maltreated or neglected, exhibited higher morning cortisol levels, whereas a subgroup of children who had only been physically abused exhibited lower levels.Recent evidence suggests that increased cortisol concentrations may contribute to the prevalence of metabolic syndromes, such as Type II diabetes. For example, in their assessment of 190 Type II diabetic patients who volunteered from a popul ation study of 12,430 in suburban Germany, Oltmanns, Dodt, Schultes, Raspe, Schweiger, Born, Fehm, and Peters (2006), sought to assess the relationship between diabetes-associated metabolic disturbances and cortisol concentrations in patients with Type II diabetes. The target population comprised of men and women born between 1939 and 1958 who completed a postal questionnaire about their health status. Results demonstrated that in patients with Type II diabetes, those with the highest cortisol profiles had higher glucose levels and blood pressures (Oltmanns et al., 2006). Their findings suggest that HPA axis activity may play a role in the development of Type II diabetes-associated metabolic disturbances. Cartmell (2006) proposes a model by which this may occur. Namely, high levels of cortisol decreases metabolism of glucose and increase mobilization and metabolism of fats. This decreased metabolism of glucose contributes to increased blood glucose levels. Furthermore, increased blo od fat levels contribute to insulin resistance. This increase level of blood glucose and fats are characteristic symptoms of diabetes (Cartmell, 2006).Researchers Chiodini, Adda, Scillitani, Colleti, Morelli, Di Lembo, Epaminonda, Masserini, Beck-Peccoz, Orsi, Ambrosi, and Arosio (2007) extended the literature by studying HPA axis secretion of cortisol and chronic diabetic complications. An evaluation was conducted on HPA activity in a sample of 117 Type II diabetic patients with and without chronic complications and in a sample of 53 non-diabetic patients at a hospital in Italy. Chiodini et al. (2007) found that in diabetic subjects without chronic complications, HPA axis activity was comparable with that of non-diabetic patients, whereas in diabetic subjects with chronic complications, cortisol level was increased in respect to both diabetic subjects and control subjects. Though the design of their study did not look for a cause-effect relationship, Chiodini et al. (2007) purport that higher levels of cortisol, either due to a constitutive HPA axis activation or secondary to a chronic stress condition, may predispose an individual to the development of chronic diabetic complications.Type II diabetes is now a well-recognized syndrome characteristic of hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension (Sridhar Madhu, 2001). One theory that purports the biological plausibility of a stress-diabetes association has been formulated by Swiss researcher, Dr. Per Bjrntorp. Bjrntorp (1997) postulated that stress could be responsible for sympathetic nervous system activation, hormone abnormalities, and obesity. This theory states that perceived psychological stress with a defeatist or helplessness reaction leads to an activation of the HPA axis. This in turn results in endocrine abnormalities, including increased cortisol and decreased sex steroid levels that disrupt the actions of insulin. In addition, this hormonal imbalance causes viscera l adiposity, which plays an important role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease by contributing to the development of insulin resistance (Cartmell, 2006).Researchers of The Hoorn Study described above tested Bjrntorps theory and found only partial support (Mooy et al., 2000). Specifically, the accumulation of visceral fat did not seem to be the major mediating factor between stress and diabetes and fasting insulin concentration, which is an appraisal of insulin resistance, was not higher in the individuals in their sample who had experienced more stressful events.Study SignificanceThe significance of this study is its potential to provide medical practitioners with information regarding the impact of past psychosocial factors, such as childhood maltreatment, on the current physical health of Type II diabetics. Diabetes and its complications affect a significant portion of the United States population and has become the fifth leading cause of death in the country (Florida Departme nt of Health, 2008). As researchers continue to look for the cause(s) of diabetes and methods to treat, prevent, or cure the disorder, it is vital that practitioners take a holistic and comprehensive approach to assessing the diabetics life. As long as abuse and other potentially damaging experiences in childhood contribute to the development of risk factors, then these childhood exposures should be recognized as the basic causes of morbidity and mortality in adult life (Felliti et al., 1998). Major limitations of past literature include lack of specificity of type of diabetes, family history, and self-reported diabetes without data on physiological measures. In addition to replication, future studies should include detailed studies on diabetes-type, a ruling-out of serious medical conditions that could potentially act as confounds, and identify maltreatment subtypes experienced.This study aims to uncover a relationship between childhood maltreatment and adult physical health, namel y with Type II diabetes, so as to assist with screening and intervention. If doctors caring for adults who suffer from a medical condition associated with diabetes are unaware of this relationship, they will neither obtain early maltreatment history nor make appropriate patient referrals leading to higher health care utilization and poorer outcomes (Arnow, 2004 Springer, Sheridan, Kuo, Carnes, 2003).Research Questions and HypothesesThis study aims to answer the following questions Is a history of childhood maltreatment associated with diabetes-related quality of life? If so, is a decrease in diabetes-related quality of life associated with an increase in the types of childhood maltreatment experienced? It is hypothesized that the more types of abuse endured during childhood (i.e. physical, emotional, and/or sexual, neglect, and/or the witnessing of family violence), the more chronic and severe an individuals diabetes will be and the greater impact of their illness on their reported quality of life.MethodParticipantsData will be collected from individuals with Type II diabetes, recruited from psychiatric practices regain in Plant City and Tampa, Florida. Participants will be recruited from these sites due to likelihood that patients receiving psychiatric care have a history of childhood maltreatment. Participants will be included in the study if they are aged 40 and older, as non-insulin dependent diabetes appears after this age. Participants will be excluded fro