Food Security and Nutrition Situation of Nepal

sustenance Security and Nutrition Situation of NepalAn Assignment on nutriment SECURITY ANALYSISSubmitted byBibek ThapaBidhya GautamBinod RanaChandan ShilpakarChiran AdhikariChura Mani BhusalDipak ShahiDeny Kumar ShresthaDev Raj GuptaINTRODUCTIONNepal is a regimen dearth, land locked and least developed country, having a community of more than 27 million mess. Around 31 percent people in the country live below poverty level. Around 49.3 percent of under-five children argon chronically malnourished. Globally, Nepal ranks 144th come forward of 182 countries in terms of its Human Development Index (UNDP, 2009). Annual population harvest rate of the country is 2.2 percent. It is estimated that the countrys population in 2025 will reach 40.5 million, with evaluate difficulties of fulfilling the pabulum requirements. Nepalese economy dominated by agriculture, 65.6 % of total population is directly or indirectly depend on agriculture. Since last couple of years, population dependen t on agriculture suck up been decreased (Sanjel, 2005). Apart from the small holding, other sources of income atomic number 18 livestock, wages, migration, etc. Of total income, 48 % from farm, 28 % from off-farm, 11 % from unlike remittance and 13 % from other source (WFP MoAC, 2009).Table 1 Nepal HDI TrendYearHDI19800.30919900.40720000.520050.53720060.54720070.553Source HDR, 2009The geography, political situation and cultural practices in the country are diverse. Peoples access to wellness facilities, schooling, employment opportunities and hygiene and care practices is limited. After 10 years of armed conflict (1996 -2006), the country is under a transitional stop of establishing constitutional democracy after signing of a peace accord in November 2006 and the Constituent Assembly election held in April 2008. The decade long insurgency caused a loss of 13,347 lives in the country (UNDP, 2009 a).CONCEPT OF FOOD SECURITY nutriment security exists when all people, at all times , turn out access to sufficient, secure and nutritious nourishment to carry out their dietary needs and feed preferences for an active and wellnessy life. The concept of intellectual nourishment security has four pillars (availability, access, work and stability). The issue of food security is multidimensional, that varies across countries, social groups and time.Widespread poverty is the major(ip) cause for food insecurity. Food insecurity and hunger remain pervasive in Nepal, not lone(prenominal) in food deficit districts but excessively within marginalized communities in districts with surplus food production. Food and financial crisis is gradually increase, chronic food insecurity since 1990 in Western hills (Adhikari and Bhole, 1999), and total number of food insecure people are 6.9 million (OCHA, 2008). Feudalism and labor arrangement system are too the reason for food insecurity. Consequences of food insecurity are that poor have already exhausted their saving to bu y food, sold the property and increase school dropout. There is a correlation between areas of high poverty and high malnutrition and areas of most impacted by conflict.Nationally, 47 % of the land owning HHs owned only 15 % of the land with an average size of less than 0.5 ha, whereas the top 5 % owned nearly 37 % of land. A recent rough estimate by WFP stated that the minimum amount of land required for HHs self-sufficiency is approximately 0.54 ha (OCHA, 2008).DIMENSION OF FOOD SECURITYFood AvailabilityAvailability of food is affected by insufficient outlandish productivity, inadequate rural infrastructure, and seasonal food shortages. In aggregate and percentage terms, the deficit is usually 3-5% of total utilization in cereal equivalent. Situation of food availability and access are very unevenly distributed over the country, and areas with the lowest production and greatest deficit per capita also tend to be the ones with low incomes, highest rates of overty and malnutrition, and they are often the most remote and inaccessible. Since 1990, at national level, overall food production is deficit and Nepal has been a net cereal importer for most years during the last two decades (FAO, 2008).Table 2 Food Deficit for 2009CropDeficit (Mt)Paddy150,000Wheat and barleycorn130,000Maize120,000Total400,000Source WFP Food security bulletin -24, August 2009The Hill and Mountain regions are particularly food deficit and more unsafe to drought. The low production is largely due to the predominance of rain fed agriculture, traditional farming practices, limited agri-input, inadequate technical advice for farmers due to poor offstage services, poverty and limited availability of credit, and frequent droughts and floods. In addition, the conflict has reduced farmers access to production inputs and foodstuffs and reduced the motivation of farmers, producers and traders to expand their activities. The lack of growth in crop production greatly limits the potential for crop diversification which leads to nutritionally unbalanced and poorly diversified HH food consumption patterns. Only around 40 % of rural households produce enough food to meet their year round needs. A 3.4 million land holdings produce barely enough food to meet six months of household food needs. Average farm size is less than 0.8 ha and the parcels are scattered rendering difficulty for commercialization and management care. reducing in % of agricultural household from 83 % (1995) to 78 % (2003/04) and significantly in average size of land holding (CBS 2004).Livestock contributes about 30 % to agricultural GDP and projected to rise to 45 % by 2015. According to NLSS (2004), livestock accounts for about 20 % of total agricultural income, after crops (50 %). It is also a major household asset used to mitigate short-term shocks (FAO, 2008).Food AccessPhysical and financial causes affect food access and it is restricted due to barely nonagriculturalIncome possibilities, limited access to productive resources, lack of surgical procedure services and substandard managerial and organizational capacity. This is a measure of a households entitlement to food. A 2008 WFPs field shows that 75 % of surveyed HHs did not have sufficient access to food, and more than 95 % of very poor HHs had insufficient access to food.Food UtilizationProper food utilization requires proper food handling, adequate education on health and nutrition, child care, hygiene and sanitation, health care, etc. A total of 55% to 85% of drinking water sources are micro-biologically contaminated (OCHA, 2008).Stability/Vulnerability to FoodHHs and individuals must have access to food at all times, either im hearty or processed. However, nightimes they can be affected by external shocks (droughts, floods, conflict, poor political and economic governance and climatic crisis or seasonal food insecurity) and internal shocks (loss of income, illness).ROLE OF WOMEN IN FOOD SECURITYAccording to FAO, in de veloping country, 60 -80 % of total food production is contributed by women, and they have been act in subsistence farming (Kantipur, 2009). Capacity building of women in different sectors contributes to mend the livelihoods of the family, community and whole country. Almost 100 % women take responsibility for nurturing and care of children, and ideas, guess and practice substitute of women contributes a lot to remediate nutritional status of children and women themselves.REASON FOR FOOD INSECURITYMain reasons for food insecurity are reason according to four pillars and detail is given inAnnex 3Availability Low agricultural production and productivity and high population growth Small land holding Feudalism and labor management Misuse of food commodities Dependency syndrome on food aid.Access Unequal food dispersion Lack of road network and market in remote area Lack of emergency backup services Poor purchasing capacity of people Social and geographical disparities and exclusi on.Utilization Lack of awareness on nutrition and food habit High levels of malnutrition Poor basic services High infirmity incidence.Stability/Vulnerability to Food Low income Frequent disaster Social conflict Poor political and economic governance and other No functioning of traditional/indigenous community food safety net.GOVERNMENT PROVISION FOR FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITIONAccording to international law, every human world has rights to be freed from hunger and rights to have safe and nutritious food. Universal declaration on human rights, Conventions on Child Rights and other international legal documents have ensured the rights of food. Nepal does not have a comprehensive food security policy addressing the different dimensions of food security however, food security and nutrition have been include in different policy document.Nepal Interim Constitution (2007)The interim constitution has recognized food sovereignty as the fundamental human right and guaranteed some important r ights which are relevant to ensure the legal entitlement on the food security. It guarantees the right to life (art. 12.1) and rights to employment and social security (article 16). For the first time in Nepal, constitution also guarantees the right to food sovereignty (art. 18.3). Provision of rights of food security for all citizens has been ensured through the article 16 and 33. Similarly, through article 35, readying to improve the food security situation of marginalized community has been ensured. However, these rights are subject to implementing legislation, unfortunately, such specific laws are not yet made. Recently, in a case, see this right, Supreme Court of Nepal issued an interim order to the GON to immediately supply food stuff in food insecure districts (Adhikari, 2009).Besides these following plan and policies have also ensured food security for Nepalese citizensThree Year Interim Plan (TYIP 2007 -2010) boorish Development Policies Agriculture Perspective Plan (199 5-2015) Implementation of APP nurse Programme (2003-2008) National Agriculture Policy (2004) Health Sector Policy (2004) National Water Plan (2005) Forestry overcome Plan National Transport Master Plan Agribusiness Promotion Policy (2006) Food and Nutrition Security Plan (2007) Milk Development Policy (2007) Agriculture Biodiversity Policy (2007)AGENCIES WORKING IN FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITIONGovernment AgenciesMinistry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MoAC)Focused on food production, most of the programs are extension (with very limited interrogation) targeted to production increase, market access and technical support for the farmer. According to NSDRM 2009, this is focal ministry for food security (MoHA, 2009).Ministry of Local Development (MoLD)Implements Nepal Food Crisis response program, funded by World Bank (WB), and Food for Work (FFW) programs, material support of WFP and technical support of GTZ, in food deficit districts with the objective of creating rural employment opportunities to the poor through the Rural companionship Infrastructure Works (RCIW) Programme consisting of rural road construction and community based projects such as irrigation and soil conservation, school building and other support, health facilities improvement, income generation, etc.Ministry of Education (MoE)MoE implements Food for Education (FFE) program with material food support from WFP. It follows an objective of improving nutritional status of school children, school inscription and attendance of children, particularly girls, by providing a mid-day meal and a take-home ration of oil for girl students. The program is implemented in food deficit districts.Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP)Department of Health implements Mother and Child Health Care (MCHC) programme with material support from WFP in collaboration with MoE. The programme aims to improve the health and nutritional status of pregnant and lactating mothers and children (6-36 months) by providing mo nthly take home ration (fortified nutritious food).Nepal Food Corporation (NFC)NFC is currently provision subsidized food to 30 districts including 22 remote districts across the country (MoAC, WFP and FAO, 2009), where local production is deficit. It follows the Governments food policy with responsibility of collection, transportation, store, sale and mobilization of food. It also handles food aid received by the country. NFC focuses on providing food to people living around district headquarters, and mostly to government employees.Line AgenciesWorld Food Programme (WFP)WFP works in partnership with MoLD, MoE, MoHP, UN agencies and NGOs through life cycle approach of distributing food from pregnancy stage to adult of women candidates. As of November 2009, WFP coverage is in 22 districts (personal interaction with WFP staff). All interventions are carried out in the food insecure areas identified by Vulnerability judging and Mapping (VAM) unit of WFP in close collaboration with t he Government.There are other agencies and some of them are as followsActionAid NepalAgro Enterprise Centre (AEC)DEPROSC,DFID,GTZ,Helen Keller International (HKI),OXFAM GB,SAPROSC,UNICEF,WHOSUMMARYFood security in Nepal depends on land productivity as managed by small holders who face challenges in productivity and sustainability, and the country is prone to vivid disasters that can have in force(p) consequences for agricultural production.Additionally, the households that are most likely to be food insecure tended to engage in livelihood activities such as petty trade, unskilled labor, natural resources exploitation, handicrafts, and farming. Nepal has become a net importer of grain in recent years.The key factors causing food insecurity, especially in remote mountain districts, are an increasing population, remoteness (causing lack of transportation and distribution), low income-generating opportunities, and lack of access to food. The issue of food security is multidimensional, that varies across countries, social groups and time. These factors can be grouped in three clusters1) Overall socio-economic, political and natural environment2) Performance of the food economy, and3) Household level food security influenced by livelihood assets and activities, care practices, and health and sanitation conditions.CONCLUSIONIn current situation, for food security major thrust has to given to production of food grains, horticulture, fisheries and livestock product through sustainable use of resources. Investing in agriculture has several benefits and as a major sector contributing to economic growth, 38 agriculture has to transform from traditionally subsistent to a vibrant commercial and competitive one. Potentiality for agriculture development should be taped with increasing concerns for irrigation, fertilizer, storage, marketing, improved seeds and breeds, quality control, improved service delivery, research focus on niche areas, credit facility and capable human resources. Improved farming system, planting of fruit and fodder and use of SALT (Sloping Agricultural Land Technology) can improve land use and control water induced disaster. Similarly, environment friendly agriculture farm, storage and gene bank are essential but insecticides and pesticides are being haphazardly at commercial scale but effective monitoring is lacking. Required numbers of cold storage are lacking, and farmer is compelled to sell goods at cheaper price.Strategies, approaches and programme to increase domestic food availability have to emphasize on(i) The need for technological change to increase labor, land, input and productivity,(ii) Improving connectivity to increase market access resulting to reduce the transaction costs of getting inputs and services from market to farm and farm to market, and(iii) worth guarantees to serve as an incentive to farmers to produce for the market. Increasing production, promoting processing, developing and strengthening business enterprises services, improving marketing efficiency, and reducing food prices, are major avenues to improve food security.REFERENCEAdhikari, B. 2009. Food Security Related Safety Nets and Legal Empowerment of Poor in Nepal. Report submitted to FAO 2009 November. KathmanduCBS, 2004. Nepal Living Standards Survey 2003/04, statistical report. Volume 1 and 2. Kathmandu. National Planning Commission, Central Bureau of Statistics. KathmanduFAO. 2010. Assesment of Food Security and Nutrition Situation of Nepal. Kathmandu.MoAC, WFP and FAO, 2009. Crop and Food Security Assessment 2008/09 Winter Drought in Nepal, Joint Assessment Report May 2009. KathmanduMoHA, 2009. National strategy for disaster risk management, 2009. Government of Nepal, Ministry of Home personal mattersOCHA, 2008. Nepal Needs Analysis Framework Key Findings September 20087. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA). Kathmandu FAO.2008. Nepal Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring/ to o soon System Assessment of Current System, Project Design and Proposal. February 2008. FAO, RomeSanjel, N. 2005. PARYAWARAN Disaster Management Special. Status of Agriculture production and Food security in Nepal. ECO-Nepal, Paryawaran monthly, mountain 13, Additional issue, June 2005UNDP. 2009 a. Nepal Human Development Report 2009 State Transformation and Human Development. UNDP. KathmanduWFP and MoAC. 2009. District level food Security Monitoring Resource material MoAC, Government of Nepal and world Food Programme, Kathmandu Adhikari, J and Bhole, H.J. 1999. Food Crisis in Nepal

College Writing Essay -- Education Educational Persuasive Essays

College WritingWhen I was a senior in high school, I had an freak for an English teacher. Mr. Bergan was one of the toughest teachers I ever had. The class was College Prepatory writing, and the goal was that, by the time we were finished, we should be able to write concise, well organized papers that would be acceptable to college level professors. Every day we would write papers, and Mr. Bergan closely read every one of them. Then he would hand them back with the details of either problems, and we would have to fix them. No one got an A from Bergan on their first hand in. He demanded matinee idol any extra fluff had to be gelded from the paper any paper that did not remove where it started had to be re-written so it did if the introduction and the conclusion didnt match, we had to start the paper all over again. His demand for perfection paid off, and by the time the year was over, everyone in the class had the skills to write fibre papers.Now that I am in college, I have pr epare very few professors that demand such perfection. It seems that half-baked ideas and poorly written papers pass when the teacher doesnt have the time to pay close assistance to every paper because he or she has too many other papers to read. I feel that if the teachers placed a demand for higher woodland papers, rather than sheer numbers of papers, that students writing skills would increase.Though I feel I do have the skills to write well organized, well written, high quality papers, I know that I do not utilize those skills on every paper I write. If a paper is due at the end of the quarter, I occasionally find myself waiting until the very last day, the very last possible moment before I start to write. I dont experience myself enough time to w... ...flawless. There was really not much I could help this student with, so I asked her why she came in. She told me she wasnt a good writer, and wanted someone who could write well to make sure her paper was o.k. It was.Any st udent who doesnt realize the importance of his or her writing will not put down the effort needed to write a good paper, nor will they bother trying to obtain the sills needed to write well. They will try to b.s. their way through, affectionateness very little for the paper itself and caring only for the grade they paper will recieve.If these things were done, I do not think it would be necessary to convince the way English is taught. But, even if the change would be needed, it makes more sense to start with foundational issues of sentence construction, making sure that the simple sentences are well written, before moving on to any more complex issues.

Mutualism of Rhinz Essay -- Biology, Symbiosis

Symbiosis refers to a relationship in nature, between two organisms. It can exist in any of 3 forms. These are mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. separately of these are different symbiotic systems in which at least i of the organisms benefits from the relationship. In a mutual relationship, both organisms result benefit in one way or another. In a commensal relationship, one organism will benefit from the partnership, while the other will not be put up or benefitted. Finally, in a parasitic relationship, one organism will benefit from the partnership while the other organism will be harmed or even killed. The focus of this paper is mutual symbiosis found in nature (Patek, 2011). Symbiotic mutualism is a partnership in which both organisms will benefit from the relationship. This relationship beneficial to both organisms thus is beneficial to the ecosystem, indirectly. An example of this relationship, found in nature, is that of rhizobia and legumes. In this relationship, b oth the genus Rhizobium and the legume on which it strives, benefit, in that the legume is enriched with due north and amino acids by the rhizobium, while the rhizobium is given the important organic molecules which act as an energy source for the bacteria (Kiers et. Al., 2003). The nitrogen in this reaction is a very important nutrient, as it is a driving force of many photosynthetic processes. This process is carried out by the rhizobium bacteria attaching to a nodule on the root hair of the legume plant, taking nitrogen from the air and converting it to a form usable by plants (NH4) utilizing the enzyme nitrogenase, and in return receive the growth molecules it requires (Denison & Kiers, 2004). Both organisms do benefit from the partnership they share however, thi... ...c relationship with legume roots. However, this symbiotic relationship, in specific, can exist in one of two forms, either mutual or parasitic. Although the strand which exhibits mutualism most prominent among r hizobial populations, the parasitic strand does exist, yet is slowly being eradicated by the constantly evolving legumes. Researchers assume studied the different strands of the bacteria, and have attempted to conclude on the efficiency of both separate strands. Each has concluded that although the parasitic strands have much less work to do to obtain the essential molecules to aid it in growth, it obtains a significantly smaller amount of the growth molecules, if any. This is because through evolutionary pathways of the legume roots, the parasitic strand is selected against, and the legume favors the more hard-working mutual strand of the rhizobium bacteria.

James Joyces Araby Essay -- Araby Essays

James Joyces ArabyThe story Araby, by James Joyce, shows how people often expect more than that which ordinary reality can provide and consequently looking disappointed when they do not receive what they expect. Another fascinating piece of literature is the poetry collection The Black Riders and Other Lines by Stephen Crane. What, if anything, does one piss to do with the other? This paper will compare one of Cranes poems to Joyces story.Araby tells the story of a young boys disenchantment with life as he experiences his first adult feelings of love for a girl, but is then denied expression of his feelings for her by the adult world. The key theme is frustration, as the boy deals with the limits forced on him by his situation. He has a succession of romantic ideas about a girl and an event to which he attributes magnificent qualities, a common bazaar called Araby, that he will attend on her behalf. On the night when he waits for his uncle to return home so that he can go to the b azaar, the reader witnesses the boys frustration increasing and building. By the time he finally gets to go to the bazaar, it is more or less over. His fantasies about the bazaar and about acquire a special gift for the girl of his dreams are revealed as being ridiculous. The boys anticipation of the event, and of pleasing the object of his affections with a gift from the event, provided him with clarified fantasies. However, reality turns out to be much harsher than fantasy.Crane...

The Character of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Essay -- Othello essays

The Character of Iago in Othello No one has ever failed to appreciate the skilled art with which Shakespeare has defined the characters of his plays prominent and clarified alike, their distinctiveness, their dignity, their misery, and their integrity are captured and displayed. In particular the depiction of certain characters in Othello have been universally acclaimed. Identified by many scholars as one of Shakespeare great tragedies, along with Hamlet, Macbeth, and King Lear, Othello follows a traditional tragic pattern, tracing the central characters fall from greatness and bringing together qualities of nobility with choices that lead to inevitable suffering. Othello is to a fault one of Shakespeares most emotionally compelling plays. The drive, with which the devastating series of events disentangle, creates a breathless sense of muddled chaos that mesmerizes viewers almost as a good deal as it propels the characters. In the course of Othello, we are exposed t o a dramatic conception of Iago. The evil contained within Othello is by no means paranormal or mythical, yet is represented by the character Iago and his voracious desire for revenge and constant deception. Iago is disloyal, shrewd, and egotistical. He uses these traits to his advantage by slowly planning his own supremacy while watching the demise of others. Although Iago is a perfect example of evil, a hellish villain creating an internalized beastlike rage, he is in fact a human clothed with passion suffering from a distorted image of himself and others. Evil has nowhere else been portrayed with such mastery as in the character of Iago. Iago is young, deceitful and a scoundrel from the start. He is keen and able to manipulat... ...ealed Through Dialogue. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Literature. N. p. Random House, 1986. Gardner, Helen. Othello A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune. Readings on The Trage dies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from The Noble Moor. British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos. Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. The Engaging Qualities of Othello. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Introduction to The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare. N. p. Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957.

Televised Violence is Here to Stay :: Media Argumentative Persuasive Argument

Televised Violence is Here to Stay One of the most heated up issues debated, ever since the invention of thetelevision, is the effects of media violence on society. Many savor to wipe it out,but will undoubtedly fail. It has great educational and entertainment value. there sport even been studies showing that viewing television violence willactually relieve stress. For these reasons, televised violence, including fights,with or without weapons, resulting in bloodshed, will never diminish. Many parents try to shelter their kids from the violence portrayed ontelevision. They only look at the negative aspect because the parents complainby saying the violence only teaches their children how to obliterate and to get awaywith it (Leonard 92). Television is the most credible and believable source of information onthe human race of the world. It teaches that the world is a violent anduntrustworthy billet (Bennett 168). It reports on how the world really works.Televised violence cultivat es dominant assumptions about how conflict and powerwork in the world. Violence is an important fact of life (Howitt 17). It is genuinely much partof the human condition. The media cannot pretend that violence does not exist. Televised violence orients people to their environment. It helps themunderstand their world. It serves as a mirror in which people try out themselves,their institutions, and their values (Comstock 357). The exposure of children to televised violence is functional to theextent that it prepares them to cope with reality. Conflict is important forchildren to grow up with. It is part of their life. Kids should not be lead to look that nothing is going to happen to them (Comstock 354). Exposure toviolence in childhood is not a bad idea. Ghetto children see violence unknown toother children. They have to live with it, and because it is so hateful, they donot get influenced by it. People who grew up in a tough ghetto situation regardothers who did not as patsies, na ive, and easy to use. Children learn a good deal of their societys culture by viewing theviolent television shows. People acquire definitions of appropriate behavior andinterpretations of reality from the mass media. Lower income persons often thinkthey are learning the style and etiquette of middle-class society fromtelevision programs (Ball 305). The viewing of televised violence helps children academically, as wellas socially. One study shows that children entering school, raised on theviolent television shows, picked up a one-year advantage in vocabulary overchildren whose parents foreclose the viewing of violence (Clark 136).

The Hopi Indians :: American America History

The Hopi IndiansIn the southwestern United States, above northern Arizona, are three mesas. The mesas create the home for the Hopi Indians. The Hopi have a deeply religious, isolated, tribal culture with a unique history.The Hopi stress group cooperation. The tribe is organized around a club system. In a clan system, all the members consider themselves relatives. The clans form a social glue that has held the Hopi villages together. Clan membership provides a singular Hopi identity. The Hopi have a highly developed thought system which contains valet de chambrey gods and spirits. Ceremonies, rituals, dances, songs, and prayers are celebrated in y spindle-round. The Hopi believed they were led to the arid southwestern region of America by their creator, because he knew they had the power to evoke rainfall with power and prayer. Consequently, the Hopi are connected to their land, its agricultural cycles and the constant quest for rainfall, in a religious way. The religious center o f the community is the kiva, which is an underground room with a ladder protruding above the roof. The kiva is very important for several reasons. From the kiva, a connection is made with the center of the earth. Also, the kiva is symbolic for the emergence to this world. The room would represent the inferno and the ladder would represent the way to the upper world. In fact, a room is kept in the house to store ceremonial objects. A sacred ear of corn protects the room and symbolizes the ancestry of the family members. Kachinas are as well as a focal point of the religion. For a Hopi, they signify spirits of ancestors, dieties of the natural world, or intermediaries between man and gods. The Hopi believe that they are the earths caretakers, and with the successful performance of their ceremonial cycle, the world will remain in balance, the gods will be happy and rain will come. Because they hypothesize of their crops as gifts, the Hopi Indians live in harmony with the environment . Art is also used for ritualistic purposes. Mens loincloths were painted and decorated with tassels to symbolize falling rain. Men also wore elaborate costumes that include special headdresses, masks, and body paints during ritual ceremonies and dances.The Hopi follow a seasonal sense of time. Depending on the season, different preparations were used for collecting the rain. Droughts required the Hopis to don new farming methods that are still in use today.