Love in Pride and Prejudice Essay Example for Free

Love in Pride and Prejudice EssayMarriage in England in the nineteenth century is much different than it is in todays world. Almost every genius wants to marry for cheat and happiness. During this period of time, beautiful women would marry a man because he is rich or the opposite. A refined looking man would marry a woman because she comes from wealth. Love is left out of these brotherhoods. Some thought they would soon develop love along the years. Mrs. white avenss main priority throughout the book was to make sure here five daughters were married to a rich suitor. Money was the main concerns for her non love.Her marriage was based on the principle of monetary gain. She thought her daughters would not be able to survive if they remained unmarried. For any woman of her time marriage on any terms was often the only get off from a miserable life of poverty. Elizabeth did not want to marry for money. She wanted to marry for love. She turned her kickoff proposal down from Mr. Collins because she had no feelings for him. Elizabeth shows a lot of pride throughout the book. Even though her family was not of upper class, she still held her head proud with pride.She is a middle class woman who wants to be treated the same by every one no matter who it is. She believes herself to be good generous for any man. When she first meets Mr. Darcy, she says that he is very attractive. Prejudice blinds her and leads to false opinions of Mr. Darcy. She overhears him say, She is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me. Darcy is very blinded by his indifferent standards. Jane Bennet and Mr. Bingley are happy when they are together. Mrs. Bennet was so sure they would marry within months.They were so shocked to hear that he had left town so suddenly. Mr. Darcy breaks them up before their relationship could get as far as marriage. He didnt honestly believe that Jane was truly in love with his good friend Mr. Bingley. Elizabeth believes that he did this because o f his prejudice for the lower class. Mr. Darcy believed that Jane was only after his money. Jane is very broken up over Mr. Bingley leaving town. They both loved one another. Mr. Darcy later writes a letter to Elizabeth, explaining the real reason why he broke them up.After reading his letter, she begins to understand the pride that Mr. Darcy has for himself. This is where she begins to have feelings for him. Her youngest sister Lydia runs away and marries Mr. Wickham. Soon Jane and Mr. Bingley reunite and he proposes to her. Elizabeth finds out that Mr. Darcy had bribed Mr. Wickham to marry her sister. She soon realizes Mr. Darcy isnt a bad soul after all. He is a great person and a romantic at heart. After his second proposal to Elizabeth she agrees to marry him, not for money but for love. Happiness does not come from a marriage based on money.

Product Life Cycle Stages Essay Example for Free

Product Life rhythm method of birth control defends EssayAs consumers, we buy millions of products every(prenominal) year. And just like us, these products have a life cycle. Older, long-established products eventually become less popular, while in contrast, the demand for sensitive, to a greater extent modern goods usually increases sooner rapidly after they are launched. Because most companies understand the different product life cycle stages, and that the products they sell all have a limited lifespan, the bulk of them will invest heavily in new product development in order to make sure that their businesses continue to grow. Product Life Cycle Stages ExplainedThe product life cycle has 4 very clearly defined stages, each with its own characteristics that mean different things for business that are trying to fake the life cycle of their particular products. Introduction Stage This stage of the cycle could be the most expensive for a company launching a new product. The size of the market for the product is small, which means sales are low, although they will be increasing. On the other hand, the cost of things like research and development, consumer testing, and the marketing needful to launch the product can be very high, especially if its a competitive sector. Growth Stage The growth stage is typically characterized by a strong growth in sales and wampums, and because the company can start to benefit from economies of scale in production, the profit margins, as well as the overall amount of profit, will increase.This makes it possible for businesses to invest more money in the promotional activity to maximize the potential of this growth stage. Maturity Stage During the maturity stage, the product is established and the aim for the manufacturer is now to maintain the market share they have built up. This is probably the most competitive judgment of conviction for most products and businesses need to invest wisely in any marketing they under take. They also need to consider any product modifications or improvements to the production make for which might give them a competitive advantage.Decline Stage Eventually, the market for a product will start to shrink, and this is whats known as the go down stage. This shrinkage could be due to the market becoming saturated (i.e. all the customers who will buy the product have already purchased it), or because the consumers are transposition to a different type of product. While this decline may be inevitable, it may still be possible for companies tomake some profit by switching to less-expensive production methods and cheaper markets.Product Life Cycle ExamplesIts possible to provide examples of various products to illustrate the different stages of the product life cycle more clearly. Here is the example of watching recorded television and the various stages of each method1. Introduction 3D TVs2. Growth Blueray discs/DVR3. Maturity DVD4. Decline telly cassetteThe idea of the product life cycle has been around for some time, and it is an important principle manufacturers need to understand in order to make a profit and stay in business. However, the key to successful manufacturing is not just understanding this life cycle, but also proactively managing products throughout their lifetime, applying the appropriate resources and sales and marketing strategies, depending on what stage products are at in the cycle.

Using Ventricular Assist Devices Policies and Procedures

Using Ventricular Assist Devices Policies and ProceduresSection 1 USING VADsII-1 Policy (Section 1) A. Excepting emergencies, newly set(p) external or ingrained vascular access devices, placement must be confirmed by x-ray prior to infusing any medications or solutions. Note lines inserted into the femoral venous demarcation vessel do not require chest x-ray.B. Administration mark offs connected to a VAD must be cleaned and prepped using alcohol anywhere along the administration set where entry is made, using a friction scrub for 15 seconds.If the patient displays symptoms of infection (i.e. febrile, chilling, or has drainage from the VAD exit site), blood and/or site cultures assume to be obtained. A physician differentiate is required.C. Emergency care of the VAD holds all of the following1. Notify the physician immediately to obtain order(s) if a VAD is cracked, leaking, or has a hole. Clamp the VAD between the site of the defect and the exit site. Clamping must be done at raumatically either with a p populateic clamp or with a coat clamp padded with gauze.2. If the VAD Dacron cuff protrudes from the exit site, secure the VAD with tape and notify the physician.3. If symptoms of VAD infiltration occur (i.e. edema of the neck, chest, back or abdomen, or shortness of breath), break out the infusion and call the physician immediately.D. For patients who are being treated with antibiotics for sepsis or r/o sepsis, antibiotics ought to be rotated to each lumen of a multi-lumen VAD at least every 24 hours, if possible, i.e. it is optimal to rotate each antibiotic dose, or minimally every 24 hours, until blood cultures are negative for 72 hours. (See Reference Below to II-1-D)E. All central venous access devices which are Present on Admission (POA) or inserted with the intent of the patient being action with the device, e.g., hemodialysis, chemotherapy, long term antibiotic therapy, etc. do not require daily validation of medical necessity, but should be i nspected for signs and symptoms of infection.All other substitution venous devices shall be evaluated for medical necessity on a daily basis.Section 2 OBTAINING SPECIMENS FROM VADsII 2 policy (Section 2) Medical CenterA. uninspired technique is to be employ when obtaining laboratory specimens from any type of Vascular Access Devices (VAD).B. Drawing blood from a VAD is performed only by a pass healthcare professional within their scope of practice using needle-free devices when obtaining or transferring specimens.C. Specimens must be labeled in the presence of the patient and must include patient name, medical record number, date of birth, visit number (for Medical Center only), and date and time of specimen collection. Write the first initial and last name of the person who collected the specimen on the label.Vascular Access Device (VAD), External and Implanted, Catheter Care Page 3 of 17D. Labs requiring a morose top anticoagulant tube (such as PT/PTT/INR or other clotting studies) should be careworn peripherally. In those instances in which these studies must be drawn through the VAD, this specimen should be the last specimen drawn.E. Syringes less than 10 ml are not to be used when flushing a VAD in order to avoid causing excessive pressure or fracture to the VAD.F. When drawing from a child less than two years of age, a stopcock is used to maintain a closed system and the discard blood is returned to the child within 60 seconds.G. To prevent over-heparinizing a pediatric patient, no more than 50units/kg should be given within a four-hour interval. If flushing does exceed this amount, an MD order should be obtained and individualized for that patient.H. For multi-lumen VADs When drawing labs from one lumen, clamp other lumen(s) for duration of the blood draw, even if other lumen(s) is heparin locked. This prevents blood from possibly being introduced into second lumen when heparin locked. It also prevents possible contamination of lab specimen if unruffled is infusing in second lumen.I. Heparin for routine VAD flushes requires an order in both inpatient and outpatient settings. The dosing and frequency guidelines are found on Attachment C of this policy.II-4 POLICY (Section 4) A. An RN who has demonstrated competency in this procedure whitethorn perform needle insertion, site care, and needle removal of an implanted Vascular Access Device.B. The surgeon will access the port in the operating room on newly placed ports.C. Sterile technique must be utilized when accessing the implanted VAD.D. Only a 90-degree safety non-coring needle is used to access implanted VADs. Needles are changed every seven days. The recommended non-coring needle sizes for both adult and pediatric patients is 19-22 gauge, 3/4 1. Blood or more viscous solutions require a lower gauge needle. Needle length is dependent upon the amount of hypodermic tissue and depth of port. Do not access port if area is blistered or there are signs/symptoms of infecti on.E. Post-op dressings can be removed 24 hours post-op (unless request otherwise by physician). Steri-strips at insertion site should remain in place for 7-10 days.F. Implanted VAD site dressing changes are to be done at once a week, with the needle change, or whenever it becomes loose, wet, or soiled.G. A heparin-locked non-coring needle may remain inserted for seven days for intermittent IV infusions. If a non-coring needle was placed and the patient does not require therapy, the needle must be removed by an RN prior to the patient being discharged home.H. Topical anesthetics may be used to help minimize the pain of needle insertion.

Childhood Maltreatment and Diabetes Relationship

kidhood Maltreatwork forcet and Diabetes RelationshipStudy RationaleThe primary goal of this muse is to conduct an empirical investigation of the association betwixt an first intent examineor such as childhood revilement and subsequent diagnosis of casing II diabetes in freehandedhood. This need will specifically explore if a relationship exists surrounded by the type and severity of childhood maltreatment encountered and participants diabetes-related quality of flavour. To provide a context for the current athletic field, background literature focusing on two dimensions that have received considerable attention in the psychological literature is initial thoroughly reviewed definition and effects of childhood maltreatment and the biopsychosocial aspect of causa II diabetes. The current studys purpose, hypotheses, method, and selective in createation analytic strategy will then be proposed.Background InformationChildhood MaltreatmentChildhood maltreatment refers to, whatever act or series of acts of commission or omission by a p atomic number 18nt or opposite caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child (Centers for Disease Control CDC, n.d., para. 1). In their report, Child Maltreatment Surveillance, Leeb, Paulozzo, Melanson, Simon, Arias (2007) defined acts of commission as deliberate and intentional use of words or actions that cause harm, potential harm, or threat of harm to a child. Examples of acts of commission embarrass forcible, sexual, and/or psychological horror. Acts of omission, on the other hand, are the failure to provide for a childs basic physical, frantic, or educational needs or to protect a child from harm (Leeb et al., 2007). Thus, acts of omission include physical, randy, medical checkup, or educational neglect, the failure to supervise or insufficient supervision, and/or exposure to a violent environment.According to the most recent publication by the U.S. Department of Health a nd Human Services (USDHHS) on childhood maltreatment, an estimated 905,000 children were determined to be victims of abuse or neglect (USDHHS, 2006). Specifically, 64.2 percent of child victims experienced neglect, 16.0 percent were physically treat, 8.8 percent were sexually abused, and 6.6 percent were emotionally or psychologically maltreated. The report put forwards that order of victimization by maltreatment type have fluctuated only slightly during the past several years.The long-term consequences of child maltreatment are world-shaking and include the risk of alterations of brain structure and function, sexual risk taking behaviors, eating disorders, suicidal intent and behavior, lower self-esteem, adjustment problems, internalizing problems (i.e. anxiety and depressive disorders), externalizing problems (i.e. personality disorders and substance abuse), adult trauma, continuation of intergenerational violence and/or neglect, and knowledgeal and cognitive disabilities (A nda, Felitti, Bremner, Walker, Whitfield, Perry, Dube, Giles, 2006 Arata, Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Bowers, OFarrill-Swails, 2005 Bardone-Cone, Maldonado, Crosby, Mitchell, Wonderlich, Joiner, Crow, Peterson, Klein, Grange, 2008 Johnson, Sheahan, Chard, 2003 Kaplow Widom, 2007 Kaslow, Okun, Young, Wyckoff, Thompson, Price, Bender, Twomey, Golding, Parker, 2002 Lewis, Jospitre, Griffing, Chu, Sage, Madry, Primm, 2006 Medrano, Hatch, Zule, Desmond, 2002 Smith, 1996 Sobsey, 2002 Taft, Marshall, Schumm, Panuzio, Holtzworth-Munroe, 2008). A consistent relationship between abuse history and poorer overall health has also been demo in a stratified, epidemiological audition of both men and women within the United States (Cromer and Sachs-Ericsson, 2006).Childhood Maltreatment and Physical Health ProblemsA consistent dose-relationship between abuse history, poorer overall health, and sustained losses in health-related quality of life has been well baseed (Cromer Sachs-Ericsson, 200 6 Golding, 1994 Corso, Edwards, Fange, Mercy, 2008). Childhood sexual abuse has been associated with physical complaints such as migraine, irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia, and continuing pain (Goldberg, Pachas, Keith, 1999 Goodwin, Hoven, Murison, Hotopf, 2003 Ross, 2005 Walker, Keegan, Gardner, Sullivan, Bernstein, Katon, 1997). Further more(prenominal), using selective information from the National Corbidity Study, a nationally representative general tribe study, Arnow (2004) free-base that abused children were apt(predicate) to have pelvic and musculoskeletal pain as adults, and utilize health care services at a greater proportion in adulthood. However, a major limitation of these studies is exclusion of emotional and/or psychological abuse experienced in childhood. specially, results regarding the incidence of types of childhood maltreatment and diabetes have been mixed.DiabetesDiabetes is a chronic disease characterized by the deficiency or resistance to insuli n, a hormone needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy needed for daily living. As such, insulin deficiency compromises the body tissues access to essential nutrients for fuel or storage. According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), there are 23.6 million children and adults in the United States, or 7.8% of the population, who have diabetes, many of which unaware that they have the disease (ADA, n.d., para. 2).Diabetes occurs in two primary forms. cause I diabetes is characterized by absolute deficiency and typically occurs forrader the age of 30. Type II diabetes, however, is typified by insulin resistance with varying degrees of deficiencies in the bodys ability to secrete insulin. Sedentary lifestyle and diet have been linked to the culture of Type II diabetes. Other risk factors for this type of diabetes include corpulency, pregnancy, metabolic syndrome, and various medications. Physiologic and emotional try out has also been thought to play a ke y role in the development of Type II diabetes specifically. Prolonged elevation of stress hormones, namely cortisol, glucagon, epinephrine, and growth hormone, maturations blood glucose levels, which in turn places adjoin demands on the pancreas. Such stress ultimately leads to the inability of the pancreas to keep up with the bodys need for insulin and high levels of glucose and insulin circulate in the bloodstream, setting the stage for Type II diabetes (Diseases, 2006).Role of Stress in the attack of Diabetes Animal StudiesResearchers have found that both a history and presence of existing stressors play a significant role in the onset and course of diabetes. Through the use of animal studies, seekers have been able to prospectively test the influence of stress on both types of diabetes. For example, Lehman, Rodin, McEwen, and Brinton (1991) investigated whether an environmental challenge promoted the expression of diabetes in bio-breeding rats. Researchers introduced a tri ad of stressors to the animals over a 14-week period, including rotation of the cage, vibration, and restraint in individual containers. They found that the administration of these stressors repeatedly increase the likelihood of the rats developing Type I diabetes as indicated by elevated blood sugar levels (Lehman et al., 1991).One of the first observations that stress could contribute to the expression of Type II diabetes was made during metabolic studies of the native North African sand rat (psammonys obesus). Once fed with laboratory chow and allowed to become obese, the North African sand rat will eventually develop Type II diabetes in response to an environmental stressor (Surwit, Schenider, Feinglos, 1992). Notably, Mikat, Hackel, Cruz, and Lebowitz (1972) administered an esophageal intubation of saline in an exploit to control the dietary intake of the sand rat. This tube feeding resulted in an alteration of glucose tolerance and comed the onset of Type II diabetes in the se rats. Similar research was done on the genetically obese (ob/ob) mouse, which is used as a prototype of Type II diabetes in humans because of its pattern of obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance (Surwit, Feinglos, Livingston, Kuhn, McCubbin, 1984). To study the effects of environmental stress and sympathetic nervous system arousal on plasma glucose in ob/ob mice, Surwit et al. (1984) designed two experimental conditions. In the first condition, 15 ob/ob mice were shaken in their cage at a rate of 200 strokes per minute for five minutes. In the second condition, 16 ob/ob mice were injected with epinephrine bitartrate, a chemical whose effects mimic those of the stress response. Plasma glucose levels in mice from both conditions were found to be significantly elevated. The researchers concluded that environmental stress was partially responsible for the expression of the diabetic phenotype in this animal model of diabetes.Role of St ress in the Onset of Diabetes Human StudiesData cooperateed on the impact of life events on Types I diabetes in a human sample has yielded inconsistent results. An early study by Grant, Kyle, Teichman, and Mendels (1974) examined the relationship between the occurrence of life events and the course of illness in a conference of 37 diabetic patients. Using Holmes and Rahes Schedule of recent Events (SRE), a scale in which 43 significant recent life events are assigned a numeric value of life change units as a measurement of life stress, Grant et al. (1974) found that of the 26 participants who had a compulsory correlation between undesirable life events and illness, 24 had a positive correlation between undesirable events scores and diabetic condition. This data suggests that negative events were primarily responsible between life events and changes in diabetic condition since the comprehension of neutral and positive events did not increase the magnitude of the correlations. D espite the significant results, this study had a number of limitations, including the manipulation of a small sample size, bar in establishing reliable criteria for assessing subtle changes in the diabetic condition, lack of sufficient time to elapse between assessments for significant life changes to occur, and the lack of delineation of the types of diabetes analyse (i.e. Type I vs. II).However, in a more recent meta-analysis, Cosgrove (2004) found no evidence to subscribe the hypothesis that life events cause or precipitate Type I diabetes. Using an electronic and manual literature search of appropriate key words (namely, diabetes and depression, diabetes and depressive, diabetes and life events, diabetes and stress) in the literature up to July 2003, Cosgrove (2004) aimed to establish whether there might be a link between depression, stress, or life events and the onset of Type I diabetes. A total of nine paper were found from the electronic and manual search. It was conclu ded that when the number and severity of life events was compared to controls in all nine reviewed studies, no differences were detected in the diabetics (Cosgrove, 2004). Though data from small, older studies and large, randomized studies showed that early losses in childhood increase the risk of developing Type I diabetes, no evidence was found to support the hypothesis that life events cause or precipitate this diagnosis. Meta-analyses with more recent studies have not been found studying the relationships between trying life events in both types of diabetes. As such, it is unknown whether links have since been found by other researchers.More consistent evidence was found supporting the notion that stressful circumstances precipitate Type II diabetes. In their study of environmental stress on Type II diabetics, McCleskey, Lewis, and Woodruff (1978) measured glucagon and glucose levels on 25 patients who were undergoing elective surgery, a physical stressor. Ten samples were obta ined during pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative periods for each patient. It was found that throughout the sampling period, diabetic patients had two times the amount of glucagon (a hormone produced by the pancreas that stimulates the increase of blood sugar levels) in their body compared to their non-diabetic counterparts (McCleskey, Lewis, Woodruff, 1978).This effect was also found in Pima Indians, who have an approximately 60% go on of eventually developing Type II diabetes, compared with 5% of the albumen population (Surwit, Schenider, Feinglos, 1992). The effects of a simple arithmetic task on blood glucose levels were studied in both Caucasian and Pima Indian samples. Surwit, McCubbin, Feinglos, Esposito-Del Puente, and Lillioja (1990) found that blood glucose was consistently higher during and following the stressful task in ten of 13 Pima Indians, concluding that altered glycemic responsivity to behavioral stressors anticipates the development of Type II d iabetes in individuals who are genetically predisposed to the disease (Surwit et al., 1990).Results from The Hoorn Study further illustrated the effects of stress on Type II diabetes. Mooy, De Vries, Grootenhuis, Boutner, and Heine (2000) examine data from a large population-based survey of 2,262 adults in the Netherlands upon which the researchers were able to explore whether chronic stress is positively associated with the prevalence of Type II diabetes. Analysis of data confirmed their hypothesis a high number of rather common major life events that are correlated with chronic psychological stress, such as closing of a spouse or relocation of residence, were indeed found to correspond to a significantly higher percentage of undetected diabetes (Mooy et al., 2000). Because the study was conducted in the Netherlands on a Caucasian, middle-aged population, it is uncertain whether these findings are generalizable to other demographics in different geographic regions.Childhood Maltr eatment and DiabetesThus far, with the exception of one study, the research discussed has demonstrated a positive correlation between a variety of recent or current environmental stressors, such as anesthesia, surgery, cognitive tasks, death of a loved one, and other significant losses, and the onset of Type I and/or II diabetes in animals and human beings. However, the literature is somewhat limited as to the relationship between a past environmental stressor, namely childhood maltreatment, and Type II diabetes in adulthood.Numerous researchers examined the prevalence of medical problems in abused populations and have reported that diabetes is one of the most common health conditions among those who have experienced maltreatment. For example, using data drawn from the National Comorbidity Study conducted in the early 1990s, Sachs-Ericsson, Blazer, Plant, and Arnow (2005) examined the independent effects of childhood sexual and physical abuse on adult health status in a large commun ity sample of 5,877 men and women. Sachs-Ericsson et al. (2005) found that childhood sexual and physical abuse was associated with the one-year prevalence of serious health problems for both men and women. Specifically, participants who experienced any form of childhood abuse were more likely to report having a medical condition, including AIDS, arthritis, asthma, bronchitis, cancer, diabetes, high blood pressure, kidney or liver disease, neurological problems, stroke, gastrointestinal disorders, or any other serious health problem (Sachs-Ericsson et al., 2005). Though data from this epidemiological study likely represents the U.S. demographics, a number of limitations exist. Specifically, the researchers did not report the prevalence of each disorder endorsed and thus, the actual incidence of diabetes in the population sample is unknown. Furthermore, Sachs-Ericsson et. al (2005) did not look at additional forms of maltreatment, such as verbal abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect.Sim ilarly, Walker, Gelfand, Katon, Koss, Von Korff, Bernstein, and Russo (1999) found a significant association between childhood maltreatment and adverse adult health outcomes. In particular, the researchers administered a survey to 1,225 women randomly selected from the social rank of a large HMO in Washington State. Results indicated that women with childhood maltreatment histories were more likely to have an increased number of physician-coded ICD-9 diagnoses, collectioned together as high blood pressure, diabetes, dermatitis, asthma, allergy, acne, and abnormal menstrual bleeding. Though the group of women in this study who reported threshold levels of sexual maltreatment had the poorest health outcomes, a major limitation of this study is the uncertainty as to whether additional forms of maltreatment were concomitantly experienced. Specifically, the authors do not establish whether sexual abuse solely was the cause of poorer health or is largely callable to multiple forms of m altreatment in girls who were not properly protected in their early families. Moreover, Walker et al. (1999) do not differentiate between types of diabetes.Gender differences have been established in the association between physical abuse in childhood and overall health problems in adulthood. Analysis of data from 16,000 individuals interviewed in the National Violence Against Women Survey found that female abuse victims were at greater risk for health problems than their male counterparts (Thompson, Kingree, Desai, 2004). Furthermore, women with maltreatment history black market to have more distressing physical experiences, have an increased number of physician-coded diagnoses, and were more likely to engage in multiple health risk behaviors, including obesity a significant risk factor associated with Type II diabetes (Trickett, Putnam, Noll, 2005 Walker, Gelgand, Katon, Koss, Von Korff, Bernstein, Russo, 1999). Moreover, sexual irreverence history throughout ones lifespan w as also associated with chronic disease (i.e. diabetes, arthritis, and physical disability) in a sample of women from Los Angeles (Golding, 1994). Conversely, in their sample of 680 primary care patients, Norman, Means-Christensen, Craske, Sherbourne, Roy-Byrne, and beer mug (2006) found that the experience of trauma significantly increased the odds of arthritis and diabetes for men, era trauma was associated with increased odds for digestive disorders and cancer in women. Although the data suggests that childhood maltreatment is related to adverse health outcomes in adulthood, they do not address as to why associations differed by gender.Analyzing data from the Midlife Development in the United States Survey (MIDUS), Goodwin and Weisberg (2002) sought to determine the association between childhood emotional and physical abuse and the odds of self-reported diabetes among adults in the general population. Their results revealed that self-reported diabetes occurred in 4.8% of its rep resentative sample of 3,032 adults aged 25-74 years. Childhood abuse was associated with significantly increased odds of self-reported diabetes, which persisted afterwards adjusting for differences in socio-demographic characteristics and mental health status (Goodwin Weisberg, 2002). Moreover, individuals who specifically reported maternal emotional abuse and maternal physical abuse had significantly higher rate of diabetes (Goodwin Weisberg, 2002).Furthermore, data gathered from a sample of 130 patients (65 abused, 65 non-abused controls) drawn from an adult primary-care practice in a small, affluent, predominantly Caucasian community in northern New England revealed that patients with a history of victimization were more likely to report diabetes or endorse symptoms of this illness than non-abused participants (Kendall-Tackett Marshall, 1999). Specifically, cardinal patients in the abused group reported diabetes, with none in the control group. Interestingly, those patients in the abused group did not have a significantly higher family history of diabetes than those in the non-abused group and a higher percentage of patients in the abused group reported having three of more symptoms than did those in the control group. Kendall-Tackett and Marshall (1999) assert that although only four people identified themselves as having diabetes, this number should be interpreted in the broader context of incidence of diabetes in the general population. Nonetheless, this finding could have been due to chance and many of the symptoms endorsed could have been related to other diseases (Kendall-Tackett Marshall, 1999). Additional limitations include the failure to differentiate between the types of abuse endured and the use of a non-empirically validated measure to gather data. Furthermore, the researchers did not specify which type of diabetes the participants were diagnosed with and did not indicate the severity of the disease.Data from the Adverse Childhood Experie nces Study (ACE), however, found alternative results. Researchers Felliti, Anda, Nordenberg, Williamson, Spitz, Edwards, Koss, and Marks (1998) mailed questionnaires round adverse childhood experiences to 9,508 adults who had completed a standardized medical evaluation at a large HMO in California. It was found that abuse and other types of household dysfunction were significantly related to the number of disease conditions, with the exception of diabetes. Specifically, when those who had experienced multiple forms of childhood maltreatment were compared to those with no experiences, the odds-ratio for the presence of diabetes was a non-significant 1.6 (Felliti et al., 1998). The researchers call back that their estimates of the long-term relationship between adverse childhood experiences and adult health are conservative. Specifically, it is likely that, consistent with well-documented longitudinal follow-up studies, that reports of childhood abuse were underestimated due to the premature mortality in persons with multiple adverse childhood exposures (Felliti et al., 1998).Similarly, in a sample of 1,359 community-dwelling men and women aged 50 years or older, Stein and Barrett-Connor (2000) found no relationship between sexual assault history in participants lifetime and reported rates of diabetes. Rather, a history of sexual assault was associated with an increased risk of arthritis and breast cancer in women and thyroid disease in men (Stein Barrett-Connor, 2000). In this study, the researchers posit that the possibility of response bias is a major limitation. Namely, Stein and Barrett-Connor (2000) consider the likelihood that previously assaulted respondents have a greater tendency to visit doctors, leading to the increased opportunities for health conditions to be detected. Additional limitations include the lack of consideration for other types of abuse encountered in childhood.The Link between Childhood Maltreatment and DiabetesThe above findings p rovide support for the hypothesis that childhood maltreatment whitethorn be associated with increased likelihood of the diagnosis of a medical condition, with the inclusion of diabetes in some studies. An essential question posed by this observation is by what mechanisms are adverse childhood experiences linked to health risk behaviors and adult diseases? A number of researchers have found that psychological stress, in particular, has been associated with the onset of Type II diabetes. This impact of stress on the etiology and course of Type II diabetes can be considered via the metabolic pathways by kernel of obesity and/or activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the gene-environment interaction, and the correlation of coping with diabetes and stressors.The stress response is a physiological coping response that involves the HPA axis, the sympathetic nervous system, the neurotransmitter system, and then insubordinate system. There is growing evidence that vic tims of various forms of abuse and stressors often experience biological changes, particularly in the neuroendocrine system implicated in the stress response, as well as the brain (Glaser, 2000 Goenjian, Pynoos, Steinberg, Endres, Abraham, Geffner, Fairbanks, 2003 King, Mandansky, King, Fletcher, Brewer, 2001 McEwen, 2000). The HPA axis is the primary mechanism studied in the literature on the neurobiology of stress and is estimated through the non-invasive measurement of cortisol in saliva samples. During psychological stress, cortisol is elevated beyond normal levels in response to adrenocorticotropic hormone from the pituitary, mobilizing energy stores, and facilitating behavioral responses to threat (Diseases, 2006). In the presence of prolonged stress, especially in which the individual has difficulty coping, this physiological response whitethorn occur to an atypical extent and prove harmful. Dienstbier (1989) asserts that prolonged and/or extreme stress can create a vicious cycle of pathology, as individuals with a history of abuse may become even more vulnerable in the face of new victimization because they become threat-sensitized, resulting in either an over- or under- response of the HPA system to new stressors. As Vaillancourt, Duku, Decatanzaro, Macmillan, Muir, and Schmidt (2008) cite, this process is best illustrated by Cicchetti and Rogoschs (2001) study of maltreated children attending a summer day camp. These authors found that in comparison to non-abused children, children who had been both sexually and physically abused, in addition to emotionally maltreated or neglected, exhibited higher morning cortisol levels, whereas a subgroup of children who had only been physically abused exhibited lower levels.Recent evidence suggests that increased cortisol concentrations may contribute to the prevalence of metabolic syndromes, such as Type II diabetes. For example, in their assessment of 190 Type II diabetic patients who volunteered from a popul ation study of 12,430 in suburban Germany, Oltmanns, Dodt, Schultes, Raspe, Schweiger, Born, Fehm, and Peters (2006), sought to assess the relationship between diabetes-associated metabolic disturbances and cortisol concentrations in patients with Type II diabetes. The target population comprised of men and women born between 1939 and 1958 who completed a postal questionnaire about their health status. Results demonstrated that in patients with Type II diabetes, those with the highest cortisol profiles had higher glucose levels and blood pressures (Oltmanns et al., 2006). Their findings suggest that HPA axis activity may play a role in the development of Type II diabetes-associated metabolic disturbances. Cartmell (2006) proposes a model by which this may occur. Namely, high levels of cortisol decreases metabolism of glucose and increase mobilization and metabolism of fats. This decreased metabolism of glucose contributes to increased blood glucose levels. Furthermore, increased blo od fat levels contribute to insulin resistance. This increase level of blood glucose and fats are characteristic symptoms of diabetes (Cartmell, 2006).Researchers Chiodini, Adda, Scillitani, Colleti, Morelli, Di Lembo, Epaminonda, Masserini, Beck-Peccoz, Orsi, Ambrosi, and Arosio (2007) extended the literature by studying HPA axis secretion of cortisol and chronic diabetic complications. An evaluation was conducted on HPA activity in a sample of 117 Type II diabetic patients with and without chronic complications and in a sample of 53 non-diabetic patients at a hospital in Italy. Chiodini et al. (2007) found that in diabetic subjects without chronic complications, HPA axis activity was comparable with that of non-diabetic patients, whereas in diabetic subjects with chronic complications, cortisol level was increased in respect to both diabetic subjects and control subjects. Though the design of their study did not look for a cause-effect relationship, Chiodini et al. (2007) purport that higher levels of cortisol, either due to a constitutive HPA axis activation or secondary to a chronic stress condition, may predispose an individual to the development of chronic diabetic complications.Type II diabetes is now a well-recognized syndrome characteristic of hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension (Sridhar Madhu, 2001). One theory that purports the biological plausibility of a stress-diabetes association has been formulated by Swiss researcher, Dr. Per Bjrntorp. Bjrntorp (1997) postulated that stress could be responsible for sympathetic nervous system activation, hormone abnormalities, and obesity. This theory states that perceived psychological stress with a defeatist or helplessness reaction leads to an activation of the HPA axis. This in turn results in endocrine abnormalities, including increased cortisol and decreased sex steroid levels that disrupt the actions of insulin. In addition, this hormonal imbalance causes viscera l adiposity, which plays an important role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease by contributing to the development of insulin resistance (Cartmell, 2006).Researchers of The Hoorn Study described above tested Bjrntorps theory and found only partial support (Mooy et al., 2000). Specifically, the accumulation of visceral fat did not seem to be the major mediating factor between stress and diabetes and fasting insulin concentration, which is an appraisal of insulin resistance, was not higher in the individuals in their sample who had experienced more stressful events.Study SignificanceThe significance of this study is its potential to provide medical practitioners with information regarding the impact of past psychosocial factors, such as childhood maltreatment, on the current physical health of Type II diabetics. Diabetes and its complications affect a significant portion of the United States population and has become the fifth leading cause of death in the country (Florida Departme nt of Health, 2008). As researchers continue to look for the cause(s) of diabetes and methods to treat, prevent, or cure the disorder, it is vital that practitioners take a holistic and comprehensive approach to assessing the diabetics life. As long as abuse and other potentially damaging experiences in childhood contribute to the development of risk factors, then these childhood exposures should be recognized as the basic causes of morbidity and mortality in adult life (Felliti et al., 1998). Major limitations of past literature include lack of specificity of type of diabetes, family history, and self-reported diabetes without data on physiological measures. In addition to replication, future studies should include detailed studies on diabetes-type, a ruling-out of serious medical conditions that could potentially act as confounds, and identify maltreatment subtypes experienced.This study aims to uncover a relationship between childhood maltreatment and adult physical health, namel y with Type II diabetes, so as to assist with screening and intervention. If doctors caring for adults who suffer from a medical condition associated with diabetes are unaware of this relationship, they will neither obtain early maltreatment history nor make appropriate patient referrals leading to higher health care utilization and poorer outcomes (Arnow, 2004 Springer, Sheridan, Kuo, Carnes, 2003).Research Questions and HypothesesThis study aims to answer the following questions Is a history of childhood maltreatment associated with diabetes-related quality of life? If so, is a decrease in diabetes-related quality of life associated with an increase in the types of childhood maltreatment experienced? It is hypothesized that the more types of abuse endured during childhood (i.e. physical, emotional, and/or sexual, neglect, and/or the witnessing of family violence), the more chronic and severe an individuals diabetes will be and the greater impact of their illness on their reported quality of life.MethodParticipantsData will be collected from individuals with Type II diabetes, recruited from psychiatric practices regain in Plant City and Tampa, Florida. Participants will be recruited from these sites due to likelihood that patients receiving psychiatric care have a history of childhood maltreatment. Participants will be included in the study if they are aged 40 and older, as non-insulin dependent diabetes appears after this age. Participants will be excluded fro

Food Security and Nutrition Situation of Nepal

sustenance Security and Nutrition Situation of NepalAn Assignment on nutriment SECURITY ANALYSISSubmitted byBibek ThapaBidhya GautamBinod RanaChandan ShilpakarChiran AdhikariChura Mani BhusalDipak ShahiDeny Kumar ShresthaDev Raj GuptaINTRODUCTIONNepal is a regimen dearth, land locked and least developed country, having a community of more than 27 million mess. Around 31 percent people in the country live below poverty level. Around 49.3 percent of under-five children argon chronically malnourished. Globally, Nepal ranks 144th come forward of 182 countries in terms of its Human Development Index (UNDP, 2009). Annual population harvest rate of the country is 2.2 percent. It is estimated that the countrys population in 2025 will reach 40.5 million, with evaluate difficulties of fulfilling the pabulum requirements. Nepalese economy dominated by agriculture, 65.6 % of total population is directly or indirectly depend on agriculture. Since last couple of years, population dependen t on agriculture suck up been decreased (Sanjel, 2005). Apart from the small holding, other sources of income atomic number 18 livestock, wages, migration, etc. Of total income, 48 % from farm, 28 % from off-farm, 11 % from unlike remittance and 13 % from other source (WFP MoAC, 2009).Table 1 Nepal HDI TrendYearHDI19800.30919900.40720000.520050.53720060.54720070.553Source HDR, 2009The geography, political situation and cultural practices in the country are diverse. Peoples access to wellness facilities, schooling, employment opportunities and hygiene and care practices is limited. After 10 years of armed conflict (1996 -2006), the country is under a transitional stop of establishing constitutional democracy after signing of a peace accord in November 2006 and the Constituent Assembly election held in April 2008. The decade long insurgency caused a loss of 13,347 lives in the country (UNDP, 2009 a).CONCEPT OF FOOD SECURITY nutriment security exists when all people, at all times , turn out access to sufficient, secure and nutritious nourishment to carry out their dietary needs and feed preferences for an active and wellnessy life. The concept of intellectual nourishment security has four pillars (availability, access, work and stability). The issue of food security is multidimensional, that varies across countries, social groups and time.Widespread poverty is the major(ip) cause for food insecurity. Food insecurity and hunger remain pervasive in Nepal, not lone(prenominal) in food deficit districts but excessively within marginalized communities in districts with surplus food production. Food and financial crisis is gradually increase, chronic food insecurity since 1990 in Western hills (Adhikari and Bhole, 1999), and total number of food insecure people are 6.9 million (OCHA, 2008). Feudalism and labor arrangement system are too the reason for food insecurity. Consequences of food insecurity are that poor have already exhausted their saving to bu y food, sold the property and increase school dropout. There is a correlation between areas of high poverty and high malnutrition and areas of most impacted by conflict.Nationally, 47 % of the land owning HHs owned only 15 % of the land with an average size of less than 0.5 ha, whereas the top 5 % owned nearly 37 % of land. A recent rough estimate by WFP stated that the minimum amount of land required for HHs self-sufficiency is approximately 0.54 ha (OCHA, 2008).DIMENSION OF FOOD SECURITYFood AvailabilityAvailability of food is affected by insufficient outlandish productivity, inadequate rural infrastructure, and seasonal food shortages. In aggregate and percentage terms, the deficit is usually 3-5% of total utilization in cereal equivalent. Situation of food availability and access are very unevenly distributed over the country, and areas with the lowest production and greatest deficit per capita also tend to be the ones with low incomes, highest rates of overty and malnutrition, and they are often the most remote and inaccessible. Since 1990, at national level, overall food production is deficit and Nepal has been a net cereal importer for most years during the last two decades (FAO, 2008).Table 2 Food Deficit for 2009CropDeficit (Mt)Paddy150,000Wheat and barleycorn130,000Maize120,000Total400,000Source WFP Food security bulletin -24, August 2009The Hill and Mountain regions are particularly food deficit and more unsafe to drought. The low production is largely due to the predominance of rain fed agriculture, traditional farming practices, limited agri-input, inadequate technical advice for farmers due to poor offstage services, poverty and limited availability of credit, and frequent droughts and floods. In addition, the conflict has reduced farmers access to production inputs and foodstuffs and reduced the motivation of farmers, producers and traders to expand their activities. The lack of growth in crop production greatly limits the potential for crop diversification which leads to nutritionally unbalanced and poorly diversified HH food consumption patterns. Only around 40 % of rural households produce enough food to meet their year round needs. A 3.4 million land holdings produce barely enough food to meet six months of household food needs. Average farm size is less than 0.8 ha and the parcels are scattered rendering difficulty for commercialization and management care. reducing in % of agricultural household from 83 % (1995) to 78 % (2003/04) and significantly in average size of land holding (CBS 2004).Livestock contributes about 30 % to agricultural GDP and projected to rise to 45 % by 2015. According to NLSS (2004), livestock accounts for about 20 % of total agricultural income, after crops (50 %). It is also a major household asset used to mitigate short-term shocks (FAO, 2008).Food AccessPhysical and financial causes affect food access and it is restricted due to barely nonagriculturalIncome possibilities, limited access to productive resources, lack of surgical procedure services and substandard managerial and organizational capacity. This is a measure of a households entitlement to food. A 2008 WFPs field shows that 75 % of surveyed HHs did not have sufficient access to food, and more than 95 % of very poor HHs had insufficient access to food.Food UtilizationProper food utilization requires proper food handling, adequate education on health and nutrition, child care, hygiene and sanitation, health care, etc. A total of 55% to 85% of drinking water sources are micro-biologically contaminated (OCHA, 2008).Stability/Vulnerability to FoodHHs and individuals must have access to food at all times, either im hearty or processed. However, nightimes they can be affected by external shocks (droughts, floods, conflict, poor political and economic governance and climatic crisis or seasonal food insecurity) and internal shocks (loss of income, illness).ROLE OF WOMEN IN FOOD SECURITYAccording to FAO, in de veloping country, 60 -80 % of total food production is contributed by women, and they have been act in subsistence farming (Kantipur, 2009). Capacity building of women in different sectors contributes to mend the livelihoods of the family, community and whole country. Almost 100 % women take responsibility for nurturing and care of children, and ideas, guess and practice substitute of women contributes a lot to remediate nutritional status of children and women themselves.REASON FOR FOOD INSECURITYMain reasons for food insecurity are reason according to four pillars and detail is given inAnnex 3Availability Low agricultural production and productivity and high population growth Small land holding Feudalism and labor management Misuse of food commodities Dependency syndrome on food aid.Access Unequal food dispersion Lack of road network and market in remote area Lack of emergency backup services Poor purchasing capacity of people Social and geographical disparities and exclusi on.Utilization Lack of awareness on nutrition and food habit High levels of malnutrition Poor basic services High infirmity incidence.Stability/Vulnerability to Food Low income Frequent disaster Social conflict Poor political and economic governance and other No functioning of traditional/indigenous community food safety net.GOVERNMENT PROVISION FOR FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITIONAccording to international law, every human world has rights to be freed from hunger and rights to have safe and nutritious food. Universal declaration on human rights, Conventions on Child Rights and other international legal documents have ensured the rights of food. Nepal does not have a comprehensive food security policy addressing the different dimensions of food security however, food security and nutrition have been include in different policy document.Nepal Interim Constitution (2007)The interim constitution has recognized food sovereignty as the fundamental human right and guaranteed some important r ights which are relevant to ensure the legal entitlement on the food security. It guarantees the right to life (art. 12.1) and rights to employment and social security (article 16). For the first time in Nepal, constitution also guarantees the right to food sovereignty (art. 18.3). Provision of rights of food security for all citizens has been ensured through the article 16 and 33. Similarly, through article 35, readying to improve the food security situation of marginalized community has been ensured. However, these rights are subject to implementing legislation, unfortunately, such specific laws are not yet made. Recently, in a case, see this right, Supreme Court of Nepal issued an interim order to the GON to immediately supply food stuff in food insecure districts (Adhikari, 2009).Besides these following plan and policies have also ensured food security for Nepalese citizensThree Year Interim Plan (TYIP 2007 -2010) boorish Development Policies Agriculture Perspective Plan (199 5-2015) Implementation of APP nurse Programme (2003-2008) National Agriculture Policy (2004) Health Sector Policy (2004) National Water Plan (2005) Forestry overcome Plan National Transport Master Plan Agribusiness Promotion Policy (2006) Food and Nutrition Security Plan (2007) Milk Development Policy (2007) Agriculture Biodiversity Policy (2007)AGENCIES WORKING IN FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITIONGovernment AgenciesMinistry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MoAC)Focused on food production, most of the programs are extension (with very limited interrogation) targeted to production increase, market access and technical support for the farmer. According to NSDRM 2009, this is focal ministry for food security (MoHA, 2009).Ministry of Local Development (MoLD)Implements Nepal Food Crisis response program, funded by World Bank (WB), and Food for Work (FFW) programs, material support of WFP and technical support of GTZ, in food deficit districts with the objective of creating rural employment opportunities to the poor through the Rural companionship Infrastructure Works (RCIW) Programme consisting of rural road construction and community based projects such as irrigation and soil conservation, school building and other support, health facilities improvement, income generation, etc.Ministry of Education (MoE)MoE implements Food for Education (FFE) program with material food support from WFP. It follows an objective of improving nutritional status of school children, school inscription and attendance of children, particularly girls, by providing a mid-day meal and a take-home ration of oil for girl students. The program is implemented in food deficit districts.Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP)Department of Health implements Mother and Child Health Care (MCHC) programme with material support from WFP in collaboration with MoE. The programme aims to improve the health and nutritional status of pregnant and lactating mothers and children (6-36 months) by providing mo nthly take home ration (fortified nutritious food).Nepal Food Corporation (NFC)NFC is currently provision subsidized food to 30 districts including 22 remote districts across the country (MoAC, WFP and FAO, 2009), where local production is deficit. It follows the Governments food policy with responsibility of collection, transportation, store, sale and mobilization of food. It also handles food aid received by the country. NFC focuses on providing food to people living around district headquarters, and mostly to government employees.Line AgenciesWorld Food Programme (WFP)WFP works in partnership with MoLD, MoE, MoHP, UN agencies and NGOs through life cycle approach of distributing food from pregnancy stage to adult of women candidates. As of November 2009, WFP coverage is in 22 districts (personal interaction with WFP staff). All interventions are carried out in the food insecure areas identified by Vulnerability judging and Mapping (VAM) unit of WFP in close collaboration with t he Government.There are other agencies and some of them are as followsActionAid NepalAgro Enterprise Centre (AEC)DEPROSC,DFID,GTZ,Helen Keller International (HKI),OXFAM GB,SAPROSC,UNICEF,WHOSUMMARYFood security in Nepal depends on land productivity as managed by small holders who face challenges in productivity and sustainability, and the country is prone to vivid disasters that can have in force(p) consequences for agricultural production.Additionally, the households that are most likely to be food insecure tended to engage in livelihood activities such as petty trade, unskilled labor, natural resources exploitation, handicrafts, and farming. Nepal has become a net importer of grain in recent years.The key factors causing food insecurity, especially in remote mountain districts, are an increasing population, remoteness (causing lack of transportation and distribution), low income-generating opportunities, and lack of access to food. The issue of food security is multidimensional, that varies across countries, social groups and time. These factors can be grouped in three clusters1) Overall socio-economic, political and natural environment2) Performance of the food economy, and3) Household level food security influenced by livelihood assets and activities, care practices, and health and sanitation conditions.CONCLUSIONIn current situation, for food security major thrust has to given to production of food grains, horticulture, fisheries and livestock product through sustainable use of resources. Investing in agriculture has several benefits and as a major sector contributing to economic growth, 38 agriculture has to transform from traditionally subsistent to a vibrant commercial and competitive one. Potentiality for agriculture development should be taped with increasing concerns for irrigation, fertilizer, storage, marketing, improved seeds and breeds, quality control, improved service delivery, research focus on niche areas, credit facility and capable human resources. Improved farming system, planting of fruit and fodder and use of SALT (Sloping Agricultural Land Technology) can improve land use and control water induced disaster. Similarly, environment friendly agriculture farm, storage and gene bank are essential but insecticides and pesticides are being haphazardly at commercial scale but effective monitoring is lacking. Required numbers of cold storage are lacking, and farmer is compelled to sell goods at cheaper price.Strategies, approaches and programme to increase domestic food availability have to emphasize on(i) The need for technological change to increase labor, land, input and productivity,(ii) Improving connectivity to increase market access resulting to reduce the transaction costs of getting inputs and services from market to farm and farm to market, and(iii) worth guarantees to serve as an incentive to farmers to produce for the market. Increasing production, promoting processing, developing and strengthening business enterprises services, improving marketing efficiency, and reducing food prices, are major avenues to improve food security.REFERENCEAdhikari, B. 2009. Food Security Related Safety Nets and Legal Empowerment of Poor in Nepal. Report submitted to FAO 2009 November. KathmanduCBS, 2004. Nepal Living Standards Survey 2003/04, statistical report. Volume 1 and 2. Kathmandu. National Planning Commission, Central Bureau of Statistics. KathmanduFAO. 2010. Assesment of Food Security and Nutrition Situation of Nepal. Kathmandu.MoAC, WFP and FAO, 2009. Crop and Food Security Assessment 2008/09 Winter Drought in Nepal, Joint Assessment Report May 2009. KathmanduMoHA, 2009. National strategy for disaster risk management, 2009. Government of Nepal, Ministry of Home personal mattersOCHA, 2008. Nepal Needs Analysis Framework Key Findings September 20087. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA). Kathmandu FAO.2008. Nepal Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring/ to o soon System Assessment of Current System, Project Design and Proposal. February 2008. FAO, RomeSanjel, N. 2005. PARYAWARAN Disaster Management Special. Status of Agriculture production and Food security in Nepal. ECO-Nepal, Paryawaran monthly, mountain 13, Additional issue, June 2005UNDP. 2009 a. Nepal Human Development Report 2009 State Transformation and Human Development. UNDP. KathmanduWFP and MoAC. 2009. District level food Security Monitoring Resource material MoAC, Government of Nepal and world Food Programme, Kathmandu Adhikari, J and Bhole, H.J. 1999. Food Crisis in Nepal

College Writing Essay -- Education Educational Persuasive Essays

College WritingWhen I was a senior in high school, I had an freak for an English teacher. Mr. Bergan was one of the toughest teachers I ever had. The class was College Prepatory writing, and the goal was that, by the time we were finished, we should be able to write concise, well organized papers that would be acceptable to college level professors. Every day we would write papers, and Mr. Bergan closely read every one of them. Then he would hand them back with the details of either problems, and we would have to fix them. No one got an A from Bergan on their first hand in. He demanded matinee idol any extra fluff had to be gelded from the paper any paper that did not remove where it started had to be re-written so it did if the introduction and the conclusion didnt match, we had to start the paper all over again. His demand for perfection paid off, and by the time the year was over, everyone in the class had the skills to write fibre papers.Now that I am in college, I have pr epare very few professors that demand such perfection. It seems that half-baked ideas and poorly written papers pass when the teacher doesnt have the time to pay close assistance to every paper because he or she has too many other papers to read. I feel that if the teachers placed a demand for higher woodland papers, rather than sheer numbers of papers, that students writing skills would increase.Though I feel I do have the skills to write well organized, well written, high quality papers, I know that I do not utilize those skills on every paper I write. If a paper is due at the end of the quarter, I occasionally find myself waiting until the very last day, the very last possible moment before I start to write. I dont experience myself enough time to w... ...flawless. There was really not much I could help this student with, so I asked her why she came in. She told me she wasnt a good writer, and wanted someone who could write well to make sure her paper was o.k. It was.Any st udent who doesnt realize the importance of his or her writing will not put down the effort needed to write a good paper, nor will they bother trying to obtain the sills needed to write well. They will try to b.s. their way through, affectionateness very little for the paper itself and caring only for the grade they paper will recieve.If these things were done, I do not think it would be necessary to convince the way English is taught. But, even if the change would be needed, it makes more sense to start with foundational issues of sentence construction, making sure that the simple sentences are well written, before moving on to any more complex issues.

Mutualism of Rhinz Essay -- Biology, Symbiosis

Symbiosis refers to a relationship in nature, between two organisms. It can exist in any of 3 forms. These are mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. separately of these are different symbiotic systems in which at least i of the organisms benefits from the relationship. In a mutual relationship, both organisms result benefit in one way or another. In a commensal relationship, one organism will benefit from the partnership, while the other will not be put up or benefitted. Finally, in a parasitic relationship, one organism will benefit from the partnership while the other organism will be harmed or even killed. The focus of this paper is mutual symbiosis found in nature (Patek, 2011). Symbiotic mutualism is a partnership in which both organisms will benefit from the relationship. This relationship beneficial to both organisms thus is beneficial to the ecosystem, indirectly. An example of this relationship, found in nature, is that of rhizobia and legumes. In this relationship, b oth the genus Rhizobium and the legume on which it strives, benefit, in that the legume is enriched with due north and amino acids by the rhizobium, while the rhizobium is given the important organic molecules which act as an energy source for the bacteria (Kiers et. Al., 2003). The nitrogen in this reaction is a very important nutrient, as it is a driving force of many photosynthetic processes. This process is carried out by the rhizobium bacteria attaching to a nodule on the root hair of the legume plant, taking nitrogen from the air and converting it to a form usable by plants (NH4) utilizing the enzyme nitrogenase, and in return receive the growth molecules it requires (Denison & Kiers, 2004). Both organisms do benefit from the partnership they share however, thi... ...c relationship with legume roots. However, this symbiotic relationship, in specific, can exist in one of two forms, either mutual or parasitic. Although the strand which exhibits mutualism most prominent among r hizobial populations, the parasitic strand does exist, yet is slowly being eradicated by the constantly evolving legumes. Researchers assume studied the different strands of the bacteria, and have attempted to conclude on the efficiency of both separate strands. Each has concluded that although the parasitic strands have much less work to do to obtain the essential molecules to aid it in growth, it obtains a significantly smaller amount of the growth molecules, if any. This is because through evolutionary pathways of the legume roots, the parasitic strand is selected against, and the legume favors the more hard-working mutual strand of the rhizobium bacteria.